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AMPRNet

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The AMPRNet (AMateur Packet Radio Network) or Network 44 is used in <a href="Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> for <a href="Packet_radio" title="Packet radio">packet radio</a> and digital communications between <a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> managed by <a href="Amateur_radio_operator" title="Amateur radio operator">amateur radio operators</a>. Like other <a href="Amateur_radio_frequency_allocations" title="Amateur radio frequency allocations">amateur radio frequency allocations</a>, an <a href="IP_range" class="mw-redirect" title="IP range">IP range</a> of 44.0.0.0/8 was provided in 1981 for Amateur Radio Digital Communications (a generic term) and self-administered by radio amateurs. In 2001, <a href="Undocumented_feature" title="Undocumented feature">undocumented</a> and <a href="Dual-use_technology" title="Dual-use technology">dual-use</a> of 44.0.0.0/8 as a <a href="Network_telescope" title="Network telescope">network telescope</a> began,<a href="#cite_note-real-time-proposal-20100409-1">[1]</a> recording the spread of the <a href="Code_Red_II" title="Code Red II">Code Red II</a> worm in July 2001. In mid-2019, part of IPv4 range was sold off for conventional use, due to <a href="IPv4_address_exhaustion" title="IPv4 address exhaustion">IPv4 address exhaustion</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protocol">Protocol</h2></div>

Beginning on 1 May 1978, the Canadian authorities allowed radio amateurs on the <a href="1.25-meter_band" title="1.25-meter band">1.25-meter band</a> (220 MHz) to use <a href="Packet_radio" title="Packet radio">packet radio</a>, and later in 1978 announced the "Amateur Digital Radio Operator's Certificate".<a href="#cite_note-rouleau-197812-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-carf-197812-3">[3]</a>

Discussion on <a href="Digital_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital communication">digital communication</a> <a href="List_of_amateur_radio_modes" title="List of amateur radio modes">amateur radio modes</a>, using the <a href="Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a><a href="#cite_note-rinaldo-19811016-4">[4]</a> and 44/8 <a href="IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a> addresses followed subsequently.

By 1988, one thousand assignments of address space had been made.<a href="#cite_note-garbee-19881001-5">[5]</a>

As of December 2009 approximately 1% of inbound traffic volume to the 44/8 network was legitimate <a href="Radio_amateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio amateur">radio amateur</a> traffic that could be routed onwards, with the remaining 2‒100 <a href="Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">gigabyte</a> per day of <a href="Internet_background_noise" title="Internet background noise">Internet background noise</a> being diverted and logged by the <a href="University_of_California_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California San Diego">University of California San Diego</a> (UCSD) <a href="Internet_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet telescope">internet telescope</a> for research purposes.<a href="#cite_note-real-time-proposal-20100409-1">[1]</a>

By 2016, the European-based High-speed Amateur-radio Multimedia NETwork (HAMNET) offered a multi-megabit Internet Protocol network with 4,000 nodes, covering central Europe.<a href="#cite_note-goodwins-20016-06-19-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_and_design">History and design</h3></div>

The use of the Internet protocols <a href="TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> on <a href="Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur (ham) radio</a> occurred early in <a href="History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet history</a>, preceding the public Internet by over a decade. In 1981, <a href="Hank_Magnuski" title="Hank Magnuski">Hank Magnuski</a> obtained the <a href="Class_A_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Class A network">class A</a> 44/8 netblock of 16.7 million IP addresses for amateur radio users worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-rfc-790-postel-1981-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-fields-20171013-8">[8]</a> This was prior to <a href="Flag_day_(computing)" title="Flag day (computing)">Internet flag day</a> (1 January 1983) when the <a href="ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> <a href="Network_Control_Protocol_(ARPANET)" title="Network Control Protocol (ARPANET)">Network Control Protocol</a> (NCP) was replaced by the <a href="Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> (TCP).<a href="#cite_note-fields-20171013-8">[8]</a> The initial name used by <a href="Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a> in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc790">790</a> was the "Amateur Radio Experiment Net".<a href="#cite_note-rfc-790-postel-1981-7">[7]</a>

Originally the amateur link layer protocol <a href="AX.25" title="AX.25">AX.25</a> carried several competing higher level protocols, with TCP/IP a minority due to the complexity of the configuration and the high <a href="Protocol_overhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol overhead">protocol overhead</a>. Very few systems operated over <a href="High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a> for this reason. One approach for 1,200/9,600-baud VHF/UHF operation emerged as TCP/IP over ROSE (Radio Amateur Telecommunications Society "RATS" Open Systems Environment, based on <a href="X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> CCITT standard). Within just a few years the <a href="Public_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Internet">public Internet</a> made these solutions obsolete. The ROSE system today is maintained by the Open Source FPAC Linux project.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

The AMPRNet is connected by wireless links and <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> tunnels. Due to the <a href="Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> limitations of the <a href="Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">radio spectrum</a>, 300 bit/s is normally used on HF, while VHF and UHF links are usually 1,200 <a href="Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">bit/s</a> to 9,600 bit/s. Mass-produced <a href="Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi access points</a> equipment on <a href="2.4_GHz" class="mw-redirect" title="2.4 GHz">2.4 GHz</a> and 5 <a href="Gigahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigahertz">GHz</a> is now being used on nearby amateur frequencies to provide much faster links as <a href="High-speed_multimedia_radio" title="High-speed multimedia radio">HSMM</a> or hinternet. Since it is based on IP, the AMPRNet supports the same transport and application protocols as the rest of the Internet, though there are regulatory restrictions on encryption and third-party traffic.

The AMPRNet is composed of a series of <a href="Subnetwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Subnetwork">subnets</a> throughout the world. Portions of the network have <a href="Point-to-point_(telecommunications)" title="Point-to-point (telecommunications)">point-to-point</a> radio links to adjacent nodes, while others are completely isolated.

Geographically dispersed radio subnets can be connected using an IP tunnel between sites with Internet connectivity. Many of these sites also have a tunnel to a central router, which routes between the 44 network and the rest of the Internet using <a href="Static_routing" title="Static routing">static routing</a> tables updated by volunteers.

As of October 2011 experimentation had moved beyond these centrally controlled static solutions, to dynamic configurations provided by Peer to Peer VPN systems such as <a href="N2n" title="N2n">n2n</a>, and <a href="ZeroTier" title="ZeroTier">ZeroTier</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Address_administration">Address administration</h3></div>

The allocation plan agreed in late-1986 reserved half of the address space (44.0/9 or ~8 million addresses) for use within United States territory and (44.128/9, the remaining ~8 million addresses) for the rest of the world.<a href="#cite_note-linstruth-19861112-addressing-10">[10]</a>

After the sale of 44.192.0.0/10 in 2019, the remaining <a href="Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (IP) addresses are the 44.0.0.0/9 for USA subnets and 44.128.0.0/10 subnet for the rest of the world, available to any licensed amateur radio operator.<a href="#cite_note-ampr-faq-11">[11]</a> The <a href="IP_address_management" title="IP address management">IP address management</a> and assigning of addresses is done by <a href="Volunteer" class="mw-redirect" title="Volunteer">volunteer</a> coordinators with the proviso "we do not provide the same level of response as a commercial organisation." These addresses can possibly be made routable over the Internet if fully coordinated with the volunteer administrators. Radio amateurs wanting to request IP addresses within the AMPRNet should visit the AMPRNet Portal.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="mirrorshades_router">mirrorshades router</h4></div>

Since the 1990s most packets within the 44/8 range were arranged to transit via an <a href="IP_tunnel" title="IP tunnel">IP tunnel</a> using <a href="IP_in_IP" title="IP in IP">IP in IP</a> encapsulation to/from a <a href="Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">router</a> hosted at the <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sloman-1994-13">[13]</a> This forwarding router was originally named <code>mirrorshades.ucsd.edu</code><a href="#cite_note-sloman-1994-13">[13]</a> and later <code>gw.ampr.org</code><a href="#cite_note-kantor-20171216-14">[14]</a> or "<abbr title="AMPRNet gateway">AmprGW</abbr>".<a href="#cite_note-ampr-faq-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-kantor-20171216-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-amprwiki-amprgw-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-kantor-20170524-new-ip-16">[16]</a>

By 1996 higher-speed <a href="56k_modem" class="mw-redirect" title="56k modem">56k modems</a> briefly had greater <a href="Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">throughput</a> than was possible to forward via the "mirrorshades" central <a href="Reflector_router" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflector router">reflector router</a> and back again.<a href="#cite_note-stroh-1996-17">[17]</a>

Only IP addresses with an active <a href="Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS) entry under <code>ampr.org</code> are passed by the <a href="Packet_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet filter">packet filter</a> for forwarding.<a href="#cite_note-ampr-faq-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-quickstart-18">[18]</a>

By 19 August 1999 daily encapsulated <a href="IP_in_IP" title="IP in IP">IP in IP</a> traffic was ~100 <a href="Kilobits_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilobits per second">kilobits per second</a>, peaking to 0.14 <a href="Megabits_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Megabits per second">megabits per second</a>.<a href="#cite_note-klaffy-1999-19">[19]</a>

During mid-2000, the majority of unique IP addresses seen on the <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a> connection from <a href="CERFnet" title="CERFnet">CERFnet</a> began with the 44 prefix, except for 17% of IP addresses which did not.<a href="#cite_note-claffy-20001031-20">[20]</a>

In mid-2009 the <code>mirrorshades</code> server was upgraded and replaced after about ~1,100 days <a href="Uptime" title="Uptime">uptime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

A funding proposal in 2010 raised the possibility that "The legitimate traffic is also a potential research resource".<a href="#cite_note-real-time-proposal-20100409-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="UCSD_Network_Telescope">UCSD Network Telescope</h4></div>

Beginning in February 2001,<a href="#cite_note-real-time-proposal-20100409-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-stardust-proposal-20170610-24">[24]</a> as part of backscatter research and the CAIDA/UCSD <a href="Network_telescope" title="Network telescope">network telescope</a> project, the whole of the 44/8 address block<a href="#cite_note-claffy-2018-06-22-25">[25]</a>

was being advertised via the <a href="Border_gateway_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Border gateway protocol">border gateway protocol</a> (BGP) as a passive <a href="Honeypot_(computing)" title="Honeypot (computing)">honeypot</a> for <a href="Internet_background_noise" title="Internet background noise">Internet background noise</a> and backscatter collection,<a href="#cite_note-stardust-proposal-20170610-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-moore-2001-dos-26">[26]</a> based in the <a href="Center_for_Applied_Internet_Data_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis">Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[note 1]</a> at the <a href="San_Diego_Supercomputer_Center" title="San Diego Supercomputer Center">San Diego Supercomputer Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fields-20190719-30">[29]</a> On 15 July 2001 the <a href="Network_monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Network monitor">network monitoring</a> of 44.0.0.0/8 traffic recorded the spread of the <a href="Code_Red_II" title="Code Red II">Code Red II</a> worm.<a href="#cite_note-moore-2001-crv2-31">[30]</a> Prior to July 2001, the project had been logging unsolicited <a href="TCP_SYN" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP SYN">TCP SYN</a> packets destined for IP addresses within 44.0.0.0/8; and after 19 July 2001 full incoming <a href="IP_header" title="IP header">IP header</a> logging took place.<a href="#cite_note-moor-200211-imw-32">[31]</a> The 44/8 IP address block was stated to have "high value to research".<a href="#cite_note-hohlfeld-20190729-33">[32]</a>

Capture data for August 2001, using <a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">data compression</a> and retaining only <a href="IP_header" title="IP header">IP headers</a> was 0.5 <a href="Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">gigabyte</a> per hour.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a>

In 2002 the block was 0.4% of all internet IPv4 address space.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a>

By September 2003, traffic was 0.75 <a href="Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">terabytes</a> per month and costing $2,500 per month for bandwidth.<a href="#cite_note-shannon-20041122-36">[35]</a> In October 2004 <a href="Limelight_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Limelight Networks">Limelight Networks</a> began to sponsor the <a href="Internet_transit" title="Internet transit">internet transit</a> costs of the CAIDA network telescope.<a href="#cite_note-shannon-20041122-36">[35]</a>

In April 2009 the upstream <a href="Rate_limiting" title="Rate limiting">rate limiting</a> was removed, increasing the number of packets reaching the network telescope.<a href="#cite_note-polterock-20120404-37">[36]</a>

At the end of 2012, <code>seaport.caida.org</code> was the network telescope data capture server with <code>thor.caida.org</code> used for near <a href="Real-time_data" title="Real-time data">real-time data</a> access.<a href="#cite_note-claffy-2018-06-22-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-polterock-20121221-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-klaffy-20171208-39">[38]</a>

As of 2016, the 44/8 network was receiving backscatter from <a href="Denial-of-Service_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial-of-Service attack">Denial-of-Service attacks</a> (DoS) each measuring ~226 packets per second (<a href="Mean" title="Mean">mean</a> peak average)<a href="#cite_note-jonker-2017-third-40">[39]</a> totalling 37 <a href="Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">terabytes</a> per month.<a href="#cite_note-klaffy-20171208-39">[38]</a>

Support was supplied by <a href="Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a> under a University Research Board (URB) grant.<a href="#cite_note-moor-200211-imw-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> The project was funded by an Advanced Networking Infrastructure and Research (ANIR) award,<a href="#cite_note-kantor-201107-brief-42">[41]</a> and Computer and Network Systems (CNS) award<a href="#cite_note-nsf-1059439-2011-43">[42]</a> from the <a href="National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF); the <a href="United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">United States Department of Homeland Security</a> (DHS);<a href="#cite_note-kantor-201107-brief-42">[41]</a> and Network Modeling & Simulation (NMS) / <a href="Next_Generation_Internet_Program" title="Next Generation Internet Program">Next Generation Internet Program</a> (NGI) of the <a href="Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (DARPA).<a href="#cite_note-moore-2001-dos-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-moor-200211-imw-32">[31]</a>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Both "Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis" (CAIDA) and "Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis" (CAIDA) appear in academic texts.<a href="#cite_note-cw-20020812-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-brown-2005-28">[28]</a>

</li>

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In May 2017, the <a href="Center_for_Applied_Internet_Data_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis">Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis</a> provided a new server for the AMPRNet gateway, in a different building.<a href="#cite_note-kantor-20170524-new-ip-16">[16]</a>

As of mid-2017 a <a href="Passive_monitoring" title="Passive monitoring">passive monitoring</a> configuration was in use, involving a <a href="Network_switch" title="Network switch">network switch</a> with <a href="Port_mirroring" title="Port mirroring">port mirroring</a> set to duplicate the incoming packets being seen by the AMPRNet gateway to the UCSD network telescope capture server.<a href="#cite_note-stardust-proposal-20170610-24">[24]</a> The project funding proposal for "Sustainable Tools for Analysis and Research on Darknet Unsolicited Traffic" (STARDUST) specified a planned upgrading to <a href="10_Gigabit_Ethernet" title="10 Gigabit Ethernet">10 Gigabit Ethernet</a> with a passive <a href="Optical_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical tap">optical tap</a>, in order to provide finer <a href="Timestamping_(computing)" title="Timestamping (computing)">timestamping</a> and avoid <a href="Packet_loss" title="Packet loss">packet loss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stardust-proposal-20170610-24">[24]</a>

By July 2018, the replacement 10 Gigabit Ethernet infrastructure, using an optical splitter and <a href="Endace" title="Endace">Endace</a> capture card, was operational.<a href="#cite_note-stardust-20190416-44">[43]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Archives">Archives</h5></div>

The archived intermittent captures for 2001‒2008 were 657 <a href="Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">gigabytes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ds-0834-45">[44]</a>

The archived <a href="Pcap" title="Pcap">pcap</a> captures from 2008‒2012 were 192 <a href="Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">terabytes</a> of data uncompressed.<a href="#cite_note-claffy-20120117-46">[45]</a> In January 2012, five weeks of recent data were 5.5 terabytes uncompressed.<a href="#cite_note-claffy-20120117-46">[45]</a>

Beginning on 22 March 2012, the raw hourly compressed <a href="Pcap" title="Pcap">pcap</a> traces from 2003‒2012 were transferred to the <a href="National_Energy_Research_Scientific_Computing_Center" title="National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center">National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center</a> (NERSC) for long-term storage and <a href="Research_data_archiving" title="Research data archiving">research data archiving</a>.<a href="#cite_note-polterock-20120404-37">[36]</a> This <a href="Data_migration" title="Data migration">data migration</a> of 104.66 <a href="Tebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tebibyte">tebibytes</a> took one week at a sustained rate of 1.5 <a href="Gigabits_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigabits per second">gigabits per second</a> via the <a href="Energy_Sciences_Network" title="Energy Sciences Network">Energy Sciences Network</a> (ESnet).<a href="#cite_note-polterock-20120404-37">[36]</a>

For the 2012‒2017 period, 2.85 <a href="Petabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabyte">petabytes</a> of data was collected (1.3 <a href="Petabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabyte">petabyte</a> compressed).<a href="#cite_note-claffy-2018-06-22-25">[25]</a> As of 31 December 2017, the overall total collected by the UCSD Network Telescope stood at 3.25 <a href="Petabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabyte">petabytes</a> (uncompressed), stored across 129,552 hourly files.<a href="#cite_note-claffy-2018-06-22-25">[25]</a>

Users of the collected data up to 2012 are requested to <a href="Acknowledgement_(writing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acknowledgement (writing)">acknowledge</a> that "Support for Backscatter Datasets and the <a href="UCSD_Network_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="UCSD Network Telescope">UCSD Network Telescope</a> is provided by <a href="Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a>, <a href="Limelight_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Limelight Networks">Limelight Networks</a>, the <a href="United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">US Department of Homeland Security</a>, the <a href="National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, <a href="Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">DARPA</a>, <a href="Digital_Envoy" title="Digital Envoy">Digital Envoy</a>, and CAIDA Members."<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Block_size">Block size</h3></div>

The original <a href="Class_A_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Class A network">Class A network</a> allocation for amateur radio was made in the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> and recorded in September 1981,<a href="#cite_note-rfc-790-postel-1981-7">[7]</a> which consisted of ~16 million IP addresses. As of 18 July 2019, the lower 75% of the 44/8 block (~12 million addresses) remained for amateur radio usage, with the upper 25% (44.192/10, ~4 million IP address) having been sold.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-amprnet-20190720-50">[49]</a>

Owing to <a href="IPv4_address_exhaustion" title="IPv4 address exhaustion">IPv4 address exhaustion</a>, by 2016 the 44/8 block was worth over <a href="United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>100 million.<a href="#cite_note-fields-20171013-8">[8]</a>

The 44/8 <a href="Routing_prefix_aggregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Routing prefix aggregation">routing prefix aggregation</a> stopped being advertised on 4 June 2019.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a>

<a href="John_Curran_(businessman)" title="John Curran (businessman)">John Curran</a>, CEO of the <a href="American_Registry_for_Internet_Numbers" title="American Registry for Internet Numbers">American Registry for Internet Numbers</a> registry stated that a request for the transfer of IP addresses had been received and reviewed in accordance with ARIN policy.<a href="#cite_note-curran-20190719-52">[51]</a>

On 18 July 2019, the designation recorded by <a href="Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> was altered from "044/8 Amateur Radio Digital Communications"<a href="#cite_note-iana-20190702-53">[52]</a> to "044/8 Administered by <a href="American_Registry_for_Internet_Numbers" title="American Registry for Internet Numbers">ARIN</a>".<a href="#cite_note-iana-20190718-54">[53]</a>

On 18 July 2019, there was a sale of 44.192.0.0/10 address space to Amazon Technologies Inc, which was the highest bidder,<a href="#cite_note-amprnet-20190720-50">[49]</a> for use by <a href="Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a>

AMPRNet subsequently consisted of 44.0/9, and 44.128/10,<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> with no plans to sell any more address space.<a href="#cite_note-qrz-w6rz-20190731-57">[56]</a>

The aspiration expressed by those involved in the sale was that money be held by a non-profit <a href="501(c)(3)_organization" title="501(c)(3) organization">501(c)(3) organization</a> for the advancement of amateur radio.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a>

The sale raised over $50 million.<a href="#cite_note-qrz-w6rz-20190731-57">[56]</a> Prior to sale, addresses in the 44.192/10 block had been allocated to amateur radio areas for the <a href="Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>-<a href="Amateur_radio_satellite" title="Amateur radio satellite">amateur radio satellite</a> service,<a href="#cite_note-address-coordinators-1994-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-address-coordinators-2002-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-address-coordinators-2007-61">[60]</a> to <a href="Roaming" title="Roaming">roaming</a>,<a href="#cite_note-address-coordinators-2007-61">[60]</a> <a href="Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-address-coordinators-1994-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-address-coordinators-2002-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-address-coordinators-2007-61">[60]</a> <a href="Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>,<a href="#cite_note-address-coordinators-1994-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-address-coordinators-2002-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-address-coordinators-2007-61">[60]</a> the <a href="Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-address-coordinators-1994-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-address-coordinators-2002-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-address-coordinators-2007-61">[60]</a> <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> for Centro Italiano Sperimentazione ed Attività Radiantistiche (CisarNet)<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-address-coordinators-2012-63">[62]</a> Germany for <a href="Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>/<a href="T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hosts-1987-12-11-64">[63]</a> <a href="Eppstein" title="Eppstein">Eppstein</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hosts-1987-12-11-64">[63]</a> plus the Germany/pan-European Highspeed Amateur-radio Multimedia NETwork (HAMNET).<a href="#cite_note-address-coordinators-2012-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-country-networks-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-herzig-20190720-66">[65]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Responses">Responses</h4></div>

<a href="Paul_Vixie" title="Paul Vixie">Paul Vixie</a> stated after the sale of IP address space that "ampr.org can make better use of money than IP space in fulfilling its nonprofit mission, at this <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stage_of_the_game" class="extiw external" title="wikt:stage of the game">stage of the game</a>."<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a>

Doug Barton, a former manager of <a href="Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a>, said the "reaction that we're seeing now is 100% predictable ... that doesn't change anything about my opinion that the sale itself was totally reasonable, done by reasonable people, and in keeping with the concept of being good <a href="Stewardship" title="Stewardship">stewards</a> of the <a href="Address_space" title="Address space">space</a>.<a href="#cite_note-barton-20190727-68">[67]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_committee">Initial committee</h3></div>

An Amateur Radio Digital Communications committee was formed to offer advice on digital standards to the <a href="American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a> (ARRL) board of directors, following a meeting in 1981. The original working name was the "ARRL <a href="Ad_hoc_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad hoc committee">Ad Hoc Committee</a> on Digital Communication", abbreviated to "digital committee".<a href="#cite_note-packet-19840911-69">[68]</a>

During the mid-1980s, the committee had been meeting twice per year: during the middle of the year, and again at the annual Computer Networking conference.<a href="#cite_note-price-19861010-70">[69]</a>

In September 1987, the committee recommended the list of frequencies that would be used in North America for packet radio and digital communications.<a href="#cite_note-qst-198709-71">[70]</a>

In January 1988, the committee held a meeting to standardise <a href="AX.25" title="AX.25">AX.25</a> version 3.<a href="#cite_note-scope-198712-72">[71]</a>

In March 1988, the "Packet Radio Frequency Recommendations" were published by the committee.<a href="#cite_note-qst-198803-73">[72]</a>

During early 1993 the committee and ARRL board of directors were working on guidelines for semi-automatic digital stations, with the proposals passed to the <a href="Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fcc-19930328-74">[73]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-profit_transition">Non-profit transition</h3></div>

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<caption>Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc.

</caption>

<th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Year

</th>

<th scope="col" style="width: 20em">US$, assets at end of year

</th></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div>456($-842 equity)</div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div>830($-1,584 equity)</div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div>6,399($3,700 equity)</div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div>6,567($3,558 equity)</div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div>6,717($3,708 equity)</div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div>2,621($1,731 equity)</div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div>13,829($-7,855 equity)</div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

On 6 October 2011 a Californian non-profit company was founded with the name of "Amateur Radio Digital Communications", and recorded by the <a href="State_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="State of California">State of California</a> on 11 October 2011 with an address of "5663 Balboa Avenue, <a href="Suite_(address)" title="Suite (address)">Suite</a> 432, San Diego, California<a href="#cite_note-articles-of-incorporation-20111006-87">[74]</a>—<a href="The_UPS_Store" title="The UPS Store">a UPS store</a> address.

On 22 June 2012,<a href="#cite_note-ardc-tax-2012-06-22-88">[75]</a> 29 September 2015,<a href="#cite_note-filing-20150925-89">[76]</a> and 18 September 2017,<a href="#cite_note-filing-20150918-90">[77]</a> filings were made listing the company officers as:

<dl><dt>Brian Kantor</dt>

<dd>President<a href="#cite_note-ardc-tax-2012-06-22-88">[75]</a>: 5 or Chief Executive Officer<a href="#cite_note-filing-20150925-89">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-filing-20150918-90">[77]</a></dd>

<dt>Erin Kenneally</dt>

<dd>Secretary<a href="#cite_note-ardc-tax-2012-06-22-88">[75]</a>: 5 <a href="#cite_note-filing-20150925-89">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-filing-20150918-90">[77]</a></dd>

<dt>Kimberly Claffy</dt>

<dd>Treasurer<a href="#cite_note-ardc-tax-2012-06-22-88">[75]</a>: 5 or Chief Financial Officer<a href="#cite_note-filing-20150925-89">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-filing-20150918-90">[77]</a></dd></dl>

In 2011, the <a href="American_Registry_for_Internet_Numbers" title="American Registry for Internet Numbers">American Registry for Internet Numbers</a> approved a request to change the registration of the whole 44/8 network block from an individual contact, to the "Amateur Radio Digital Communications" non-profit company.<a href="#cite_note-curran-20190722-2011-91">[78]</a>

Activities were to "conserve scarce AMPRNet Internet protocol resources, and to educate <a href="Amateur_radio_operators" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur radio operators">networks users</a> on how to efficiently utilize these resources as a service to the entire Internet community" initiated "in the second half of 2012 by <abbr title="Brian Kantor">the President</abbr> via communications with <a href="American_Registry_for_Internet_Numbers" title="American Registry for Internet Numbers">American Registry for Internet Numbers</a> (ARIN)".<a href="#cite_note-ardc-tax-2012-06-22-88">[75]</a>: 3

Plans included "the issuance of <a href="Grant_(money)" title="Grant (money)">grants</a> and other <a href="Financial_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial support">financial support</a> to <a href="Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">educational institutions</a>, foundations and other organizations. [...] expected to commence in 2013 via a joint effort of the three founding Directors [...]".<a href="#cite_note-ardc-tax-2012-06-22-88">[75]</a>: 3

During December 2017 Kantor announced his <a href="Retirement" title="Retirement">retirement</a> from <a href="University_of_California_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California San Diego">University of California San Diego</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kantor-20171216-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-kantor-20170907-92">[79]</a>

Re-stated (changed) <a href="Articles_of_incorporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of incorporation">articles of incorporation</a> for the "Amateur Radio Digital Communications" non-profit were signed on 13 December 2017,<a href="#cite_note-articles-20171217-93">[80]</a> and filed on 17 December 2017.<a href="#cite_note-articles-20171217-93">[80]</a>

In May 2019, Kantor signed an agreement extending UCSD/CAIDA's use of Amprnet addresses for data collection until 31 July 2023.<a href="#cite_note-ardc-ucsd-amprnet-mou-20190517-94">[81]</a>

Brian Kantor died in November 2019. In February/March 2020, the Center for Networked Systems (CNS) of the <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a> (UCSD) received $225,000, given by ARDC to allow <a href="Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">financial endowment</a> of a student <a href="Scholarship" title="Scholarship">scholarship</a> in the name of <a href="Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> and honouring Brian Kantor.<a href="#cite_note-cns-20200301-95">[82]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distributions">Distributions</h4></div>

In May 2021, ARDC provided a one-off grant of $1.6 million to the <a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> amateur radio club (W1MX) to save and rebuild the <a href="Radome" title="Radome">radome</a> on top of the <a href="Green_Building_(MIT)" title="Green Building (MIT)">MIT Green Building</a> (building 54).<a href="#cite_note-96">[83]</a>

In November 2021, ARDC awarded a five-year grant, for a total of $1.3 million, to support US-based activities around <a href="Amateur_Radio_on_the_International_Space_Station" title="Amateur Radio on the International Space Station">Amateur Radio on the International Space Station</a> (ARISS-USA).<a href="#cite_note-97">[84]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Digital_Library_of_Amateur_Radio_and_Communications">Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications</h5></div>

In January 2022, the <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> received a grant of $0.9 million for assembling a Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications (DLARC).<a href="#cite_note-98">[85]</a> Internet Archive began the project in earnest in September 2022, and began seeking contributions of material in October. <a href="#cite_note-99">[86]</a> By November, 2022 the library had grown to 25,000 items. <a href="#cite_note-100">[87]</a> In January 2023 the library held over 51,000 items including more than 3,300 books and magazines available via controlled digital lending.<a href="#cite_note-101">[88]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other_ARDC_grants">Other ARDC grants</h5></div>

An updated list of ARDC grants is maintained on their website at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ardc.net/apply/grants/">[1]</a>.

Information on applying for a grant is at

<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ardc.net/apply/">[2]</a>.

<li><a href="High-speed_multimedia_radio" title="High-speed multimedia radio">High-speed multimedia radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Winlink" title="Winlink">Winlink</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-real-time-proposal-20100409-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-real-time-proposal-20100409_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-real-time-proposal-20100409_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-real-time-proposal-20100409_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-real-time-proposal-20100409_1-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFCenter_for_Applied_Internet_Data_Analysis2010" class="citation report cs1"><a href="Center_for_Applied_Internet_Data_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis">Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis</a> (9 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151229020739/http://www.caida.org/funding/cri-telescope/cri-telescope_proposal.pdf">A Real-time Lens into Dark Address Space of the Internet</a> (PDF) (Report). pp. 1, 2, 6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caida.org/funding/cri-telescope/cri-telescope_proposal.pdf">the original</a> (Project Summary) on 29 December 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2019. <q>operating the <a href="University_of_California_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California San Diego">UCSD</a> telescope since 2001 ... ensure active life of the UCSD Network telescope until at least the end of 2013. ... expand our telescope instrumentation to enable researchers to exploit this unique global data source ... uses a /8 mostly "dark" (unassigned) network prefix]] ... and has only a few assigned addresses. We separate the legitimate traffic destined to those few reachable <a href="IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</a>, and monitor only the traffic destined to the empty address space. ... the network's border router separates the legitimate traffic arriving at the telescope network (typically less than 1% of the total traffic volume) and forwards only non-legitimate traffic for monitoring and storage ... As of December 2009, the network telescope captures in the range of 2<a href="Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> up to and exceeding 100<a href="Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> of compressed trace data per day. ... The legitimate traffic is also a potential research resource, ... participates in <a href="United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">DHS</a>'s Protected REpository for the Defense of Infrastructure against Cyber Threats (<abbr title="Protected REpository for the Defense of Infrastructure against Cyber Threats">PREDICT</abbr>) project, ... for annotating and indexing telescope data</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-rouleau-197812-2"><a href="#cite_ref-rouleau-197812_2-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRouleau1978" class="citation magazine cs1">Rouleau, Robert T. (December 1978). <a href="Wayne_Green" title="Wayne Green">Green, Wayne</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/73-magazine-1978-12">"The Packet Radio Revolution"</a>. <a href="73_(magazine)" title="73 (magazine)">73 Amateur Radio Today</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/73-magazine-1978-12/page/n174">183</a>, 184. <q>the Canadian authorities announced the creation of a new "Amateur Digital Radio Operator's Certificate" ... On [1978-05-01], the Montreal Amateur Radio Club sent the first amateur packets. ... Canada is the only country which is permitting amateurs to experiment with packet.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-carf-197812-3"><a href="#cite_ref-carf-197812_3-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCanadian_Amateur_Radio_Federation1978" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="Canadian_Amateur_Radio_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Amateur Radio Federation">Canadian Amateur Radio Federation</a> (December 1978). <a href="Wayne_Green" title="Wayne Green">Green, Wayne</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/73-magazine-1978-12">"Doc publishes details of new "no-code" "digital" certificate"</a>. <a href="73_(magazine)" title="73 (magazine)">73 Amateur Radio Today</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/73-magazine-1978-12/page/n265">278</a>. <q>known up to now as the "experimenter's" certificate and "packet radio," were made public on [1978-09-14]. These changes came into effect [1978-09-30]. Holders of the new ticket, now called the "Amateur Digital Radio Operator's Certificate," will be permitted operation on two meters and above using various modes of operation. ... Packet radio will be permitted to all three classes in certain parts of the 220-MHz band.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-rinaldo-19811016-4"><a href="#cite_ref-rinaldo-19811016_4-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRinaldo1981" class="citation conference cs1">Rinaldo, Paul L. (16 October 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tapr.org/pdf/CNC1981-AmateurPacketNetwor-W4RI.pdf">Internet Standards</a> (PDF). First international amateur radio computer networking conference. Amateur Packet Network Agenda. p. 1.2. <q>If the <a href="Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> is to work it must have agreed standards. ... For example, do we want to look for government <a href="Seed_money" title="Seed money">seed money</a> and configure the network so that it can handle government traffic in emergencies; e.g. use <a href="Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency">ARPA</a>'s <a href="Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a>?</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-garbee-19881001-5"><a href="#cite_ref-garbee-19881001_5-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGarbee1988" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="Bdale_Garbee" title="Bdale Garbee">Garbee, Bdale</a> (1 October 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722223948/http://www.tapr.net/pdf/CNC1988-MoreAndFasterBits-N3EUA.pdf">More and Faster Bits: A Look At Packet Radio's Future</a> (PDF). 7th Computer Networking Conference. <a href="American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tapr.net/pdf/CNC1988-MoreAndFasterBits-N3EUA.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019. <q>One rough estimate is the number of Internet addresses that have been assigned from the "network 44" block for amateur packet radio: about 1,000 amateurs in several dozen countries.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-goodwins-20016-06-19-6"><a href="#cite_ref-goodwins-20016-06-19_6-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGoodwins2016" class="citation news cs1">Goodwins, Rupert (19 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/06/when-everything-else-fails-amateur-radio-will-still-be-there-and-thriving/">"When everything else fails, amateur radio will still be there—and thriving"</a>. <a href="Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>. <q>Ham is now a full-fat fabric that can provide Internet access. Why aren't you using it? ... Take the European HAMNET, ... four-thousand-node high speed data network covering a large part of continental Europe and providing full IP connectivity at megabit speeds. It connects to the Internet—ham radio owns 16 million IPV4 addresses ...</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-rfc-790-postel-1981-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc-790-postel-1981_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc-790-postel-1981_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc-790-postel-1981_7-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFPostelNetwork_Working_Group1981" class="citation report cs1"><a href="Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Postel, Jon</a>; Network Working Group (September 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc790.txt">Assigned Numbers</a> (Report). <a href="Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">Request for Comments</a> 790. pp. 1, 14. <q>044.rrr.rrr.rrr ... AMPRNET ... Amature Radio Experiment Net [HM] ... [HM] <a href="Hank_Magnuski" title="Hank Magnuski">Hank Magnuski</a></q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-fields-20171013-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fields-20171013_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fields-20171013_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fields-20171013_8-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFFields2017" class="citation web cs1">Fields, Bryan (13 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724154527/https://www.tapr.org/pdf/DCC2016-IPv6_In_Amateur_Radio_Bryan_Fields_W9CR.pdf">"IPv4 History"</a> (PDF). IPv6 In Amateur Radio HamWAN Tampa Bay. p. 6. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2025. <q>On [1983-01-01] <a href="Flag_day_(computing)" title="Flag day (computing)">Flag Day</a> took place, <a href="Network_Control_Protocol_(ARPANET)" title="Network Control Protocol (ARPANET)">NCP</a> was shut off, IP turned on. ... Hams get 44/8 thanks to <a href="Hank_Magnuski" title="Hank Magnuski">Hank Magnuski</a>, KA6M – Circa 1981 ... Legacy assigned IP space commands a premium. 44/8 is one of these blocks ... 44/8 is worth >100M USD now! ... 2016</q></cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBernard_Pidoux" class="citation web cs1">Bernard Pidoux. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rose.fpac.free.fr/">"Linux FPAC mini-HOWTO"</a>. Retrieved 4 September 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-linstruth-19861112-addressing-10"><a href="#cite_ref-linstruth-19861112-addressing_10-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLinstruth1986" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Linstruth, Wally (12 November 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/maestron/hacking-tutorials/blob/master/IP%20Addressing.txt#L126">"IP addressing"</a>. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. <q>current IP address assignments which I have offered to coordinate. The proposed scheme has been reviewed by <a href="Phil_Karn" title="Phil Karn">Phil Karn</a>, <a href="Bdale_Garbee" title="Bdale Garbee">Bdale Garbee</a> and (verbally with) Mike Chepponis, all of whom have encouraged that it be used. ... Bit 8 to be 0 for USA stations and 1 for non-USA stations. ... meant to provide a very quick means for segregating <a href="Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a> controlled participants from non-FCC stations. ... 8 million plus addresses ought to last the US amateur population for some time to come.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ampr-faq-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ampr-faq_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ampr-faq_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ampr-faq_11-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ampr.org/faq/">"AMPRNet FAQ"</a>. Retrieved 22 July 2019. <q>Those hams who wish to join an existing radio subnet may receive one or more addresses from within the block allocated to the subnet they wish to join. ... <abbr title="AMPRNet gateway">AmprGW</abbr> is a server run by Brian Kantor at <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">UCSD</a> as part of a long-running Internet research project. ... selective gateway between non-AMPRNet internet devices and the IPIP (mesh) AMPRNet. ... filters at the per-host(/32) level. ... If there is no <a href="Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a> <a href="A_record" class="mw-redirect" title="A record">A record</a> for a tunneled amprnet destination host, the traffic is not forwarded ... In mid-2019, we sold one quarter (abount [<a href="Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] 4 million) of those addresses (a /10) to obtain funds to support our philanthropic arm.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.ampr.org">AMPRNet Portal</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-sloman-1994-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sloman-1994_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sloman-1994_13-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFSloman1994" class="citation magazine cs1">Sloman, Jeffrey (February 1994). <a href="Wayne_Green" title="Wayne Green">Green, Wayne</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arimi.it/wp-content/73/02_February_1994.pdf">"Packet & Computers"</a> (PDF). <a href="73_(magazine)" title="73 (magazine)">73 Amateur Radio Today</a>. No. 401. p. 72. <q>Amateur addresses always start with 44. This is the address for the domain AMPR.org; the name 'ampr.org' amps to the addresses that lie in the 44.x.x.x address space ... All amateur addresses assigned by IP coordinators are sent to a host at the University of California at San Diego called 'mirrorshades.ucsd.edu' ... acts as a router. This means that any time there is traffic anywhere on the Internet that starts with 44, it is sent to 'mirrorshades', which looks at the address and sends it on its way to the correct gateway.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-kantor-20171216-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kantor-20171216_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kantor-20171216_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kantor-20171216_14-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFKantor2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Kantor, Brian (16 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/forum/embed/#!topic/ct-comunicacoes-e-tecnologias/RwGeNi7Jmag">"retirement"</a>. Archived from the original on 16 December 2017. <q>retiring from <a href="University_of_California_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California San Diego">UCSD</a>, after 47 years on campus. ... will continue to use the @ampr.org address for some AMPRNet and ARDC business. <abbr title="AMPRNet gateway">Amprgw</abbr> (gw.ampr.org) will continue to operate ... as part of the <a href="CAIDA" class="mw-redirect" title="CAIDA">CAIDA</a> research group continuing measurement and analysis of dark networks project.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-amprwiki-amprgw-15"><a href="#cite_ref-amprwiki-amprgw_15-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKantor2017" class="citation web cs1">Kantor, Brian (27 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.ampr.org/wiki/Amprgw">"Amprgw"</a>. AMPRNet Wiki. Retrieved 26 July 2019. <q><abbr title="AMPRNet gateway">AMPRGW</abbr> is <code>amprgw.ucsd.edu</code>, at IP address 169.228.34.84. It is the Internet-to-AMPRNet router.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-kantor-20170524-new-ip-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kantor-20170524-new-ip_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kantor-20170524-new-ip_16-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFKantor2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Kantor, Brian (24 May 2017). Nugent, Jay (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuge.com/pipermail/drg-users/2017-May/000080.html">"Good News! and some changes coming"</a>. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017 – via <abbr title="ARRL Michigan Section Digital Radio Group users mailing list">DRG-users</abbr>. <q>Good News! Our friends in the <a href="Center_for_Applied_Internet_Data_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis">CAIDA</a> research group at <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">UCSD</a> have come up with a new machine for <code>amprgw</code>, [...] with faster <a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a>, more <a href="CPU_core" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU core">cores</a>, and more memory. It also has <a href="Redundant_Array_of_Inexpensive_Disks" class="mw-redirect" title="Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks">RAIDed</a> disk and <a href="Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">dual power supplies</a>, although unlike the current <code>amprgw</code>, it won't be on a <a href="Uninterruptible_power_supply" title="Uninterruptible power supply">UPS</a>. ... new building ... the <a href="Gateway_address" title="Gateway address">gateway will have a new address</a> ... Instead of ... '<code>amprgw.sysnet.ucsd.edu</code>' as the current one on address 169.228.66.251 ... will be '<code>amprgw.ucsd.edu</code>' (no '<code>sysnet</code>' in the name), [...] address 169.228.34.84.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-stroh-1996-17"><a href="#cite_ref-stroh-1996_17-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStroh1996" class="citation magazine cs1">Stroh, Steve (1996). "One person's view of <abbr title="Digital Communications Conference 1996">DCC '96</abbr>". Packet Status Register. No. 64. <a href="Tucson_Amateur_Packet_Radio" title="Tucson Amateur Packet Radio">Tucson Amateur Packet Radio</a> Corporation. p. 24,26,27. <q>the Vancouver group has found it necessary to obtain IP address assignments outside of the 44.x.x.x address space because the 44.x.x.x router (mirrorshades) simply doesn't have the <a href="Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">throughput</a> necessary to keep up with a <a href="56k_modem" class="mw-redirect" title="56k modem">56K system</a>. ... being around <a href="Phil_Karn" title="Phil Karn">Phil Karn</a>, KA9Q, who invented Amateur Radio TCP/IP (with a lot of help)</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-quickstart-18"><a href="#cite_ref-quickstart_18-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.ampr.org/wiki/Quickstart">"Quickstart"</a>. AMPRNet Wiki. <q>Note that the main tunnel router at <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">UCSD</a> will NOT pass traffic to an IP address unless that address is associated with a hostname in the ampr.org <a href="Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a> domain.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-klaffy-1999-19"><a href="#cite_ref-klaffy-1999_19-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFClaffyCAIDASan_Diego_Supercomputer_CenterUniversity_of_California_San_Diego1999" class="citation conference cs1">Claffy, Kimberly; <a href="Cooperative_Association_for_Internet_Data_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis">CAIDA</a>; <a href="San_Diego_Supercomputer_Center" title="San Diego Supercomputer Center">San Diego Supercomputer Center</a>; <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California San Diego</a> (October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caida.org/publications/presentations/1999/Soa9911/mgp00020.html">Workload <abbr title="characterisation">char.</abbr>: protocol</a>. <a href="Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a> Internet Measurement Conference. State of DeUnion. <q>[1999-08-19], <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">ucsd</a>-<a href="CERFnet" title="CERFnet">cerfnet</a>. ... Protocol Breakdown ‒ 1 day <a href="IP_in_IP" title="IP in IP">IPENCAP</a> <abbr title="Minimum">Min</abbr>: 0.00 <abbr title="Mega bits per second">M</abbr>; Avg: 0.01 <abbr title="Mega bits per second">M</abbr>; 0.014 <abbr title="Mega bits per second">M</abbr>. generated <time datetime="1999-08-19 13:52:15 -0700" title="1999-08-19">Thu Aug 19 13:52:15 1999 PDT</time></q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-claffy-20001031-20"><a href="#cite_ref-claffy-20001031_20-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFClaffyGehrkeUniversity_of_California,_San_Diego2000" class="citation report cs1">Claffy, Kimberly; Gehrke, Lynnelle; <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a> (31 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190723113113/http://www.caida.org/funding/ngi1998/content/reports/quarterly_1000.xml">For the period 01 July 2000 to 30 September 2000</a>. Predictability and Security of High Performance Networks (Report). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caida.org/funding/ngi1998/content/reports/quarterly_1000.xml">the original</a> (Recipient's progress status and management report) on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019. <q>For the period 01 July 2000 to 30 September 2000 ... Report #9 ... Contract N66001-98-2-8922 ... October 31, 2000 ... <a href="CERFnet" title="CERFnet">CERFnet</a> link data is also of limited use in gathering raw IP addresses, mostly due to <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">UCSD</a>'s hosting a packet radio service for which an entire class A address segment (44.0.0.0/8) is allocated, a total of <abbr title="16 million">16M</abbr> addresses. Many of those are assigned on a temporary (per session) basis. For example, the data from CERF link for the three weekend days between 23–25 June 2000 contained 1.47 million IPs. Of those, 1.17 million were not found in sources processed before [2000-06-23]. Nonetheless, only 162,669 (17%) of them begin with a number other than 44. ... Contract #: N66001-98-2-8922 ... Contract Period of Performance: [1998-07-16] to [2001-07-15]; Ceiling Value: $6,655,449</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKoster2009" class="citation web cs1">Koster, Ken (13 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216111706/http://wetnet.net/pipermail/seatcp/2009-July/007924.html">"More openvpn discussion - was Re: FYI - 44 Net ..."</a> Seattle Amateur Packet Radio mailing list (SeaTCP). Washington Experimenter's Tcp/ip NETwork (WetNET). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wetnet.net/pipermail/seatcp/2009-July/007924.html">the original</a> on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2019. <q>Brian has the new gateway box up and running and the old one has been retired (after being <a href="Uptime" title="Uptime">up</a> for something like 1100 days). ... new <code>mirrorshades</code> now supports additional protocols (<code>ipudp</code>) and <a href="Brian_Kantor" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Kantor">Brian</a> has shown an interest in perhaps using something like <a href="OpenVPN" title="OpenVPN">openvpn</a> if there is enough interest.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMoore2001" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Moore, David (21 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sdsc.edu/News%20Items/PR052101.html">"UCSD Researchers Analyze Prevalence and Patterns of Worldwide Denial-of-Service Attacks on the Internet"</a> (Press release). <a href="San_Diego_Supercomputer_Center" title="San Diego Supercomputer Center">San Diego Supercomputer Center</a>. <q>new technique called "backscatter analysis" ... Brian Kantor and Jim Madden of <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">UCSD</a> provided access to key network resources and clarified the local network topology.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVoelkerMooreSavage2001" class="citation journal cs1">Voelker, Geoffrey M.; Moore, David; <a href="Stefan_Savage" title="Stefan Savage">Savage, Stefan</a> (17 October 2001). "Inferring Internet Denial-of-Service Activity". ACM Transactions on Computer Systems. 24 (2). <a href="University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>: 11,12,27,28. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1132026.1132027">10.1145/1132026.1132027</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3985397">3985397</a>. <q>How can you monitor enough of the Internet to obtain a representative sample? ... Experimental Setup: Internet; Monitor (<abbr title="with">w/</abbr>big disk) ... Quiescent /8 Network (224 addresses) ... three weeks of traces (February 2001) ... >12,000 attacks against >5,000 targets in a week ... Most <1,000 <a href="Packets_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Packets per second">pps</a>, but some over 600,000 <a href="Packets_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Packets per second">pps</a> ... In July [2001], David Moore used the same technique to track the <a href="Code_Red_(computer_worm)" title="Code Red (computer worm)">Code Red Worm</a> ... our /8 (our <a href="Looking_Glass_server" title="Looking Glass server">looking glass</a>)</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-stardust-proposal-20170610-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stardust-proposal-20170610_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stardust-proposal-20170610_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stardust-proposal-20170610_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stardust-proposal-20170610_24-3">d</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727225638/https://www.caida.org/funding/stardust/stardust_proposal.pdf">"Project Summary"</a> (PDF). CI-SUSTAIN: Sustainable Tools for Analysis and Research on Darknet Unsolicited Traffic (STARDUST). 10 June 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caida.org/funding/stardust/stardust_proposal.pdf">the original</a> (telescope.dvi) on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019. <q>In operation since 2001, the [UCSD-NT ... In 2011 we enhanced the Telescope instrumentation to enable access to raw and live telescope traffic data ... over 100 publications – without <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">UCSD</a> co-authors ... At least six <a href="PhD_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD thesis">PhD theses</a> have used UCSD-NT traffic data ... Figure 2 illustrates our current packet capture infrastructure. The UCSD-NT observes traffic reaching the unused portion of a /8 IPv4 address block (i.e., ≈16M IPv4 addresses) operated by a non-profit organization for experimental use. The telescope /8 address block is announced to the Internet through <a href="Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">BGP</a> by a <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">UC San Diego router</a>, which forwards all the traffic for the /8 to the <abbr title="AMPRNet Gateway">non-profit organization's router</abbr> (<abbr title="non-profit router (gw.ampr.org)">NP-router</abbr>) through a <a href="Gigabit_Ethernet" title="Gigabit Ethernet">1 Gbit/s link</a>. The upstream switch <a href="Port_mirroring" title="Port mirroring">mirrors</a> all traffic on this link to the UCSD-NT capture server, which filters away traffic to utilized addresses and then captures and compresses the remainder (i.e., traffic to all unassigned addresses in the /8 subnet) to files on disk. Every hour these files are transferred to a storage server that holds a sliding window of the last two months of raw <a href="Pcap" title="Pcap">pcap</a> data, after which the files are transferred to an off-site <a href="Magnetic_tape_data_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic tape data storage">tape archive</a>. ... we will upgrade all connected device interfaces (<abbr title="non-profit router (gw.ampr.org)">NP-router</abbr>, storage server) to 10 Gbit/s and we will install an <a href="Optical_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical tap">optical splitter</a> ... historical telescope data archive (currently approaching 1 <a href="Petabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabyte">Petabyte</a> of compressed <a href="Pcap" title="Pcap">pcap</a>, and increasing at ≈36<a href="Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a> per month) ... As of end of 2016</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-claffy-2018-06-22-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-claffy-2018-06-22_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-claffy-2018-06-22_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-claffy-2018-06-22_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-claffy-2018-06-22_25-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFClaffyFomenkovUniversity_of_California_San_DiegoCenter_for_Applied_Internet_Data_Analysis_(CAIDA)2018" class="citation report cs1">Claffy, K.; Fomenkov, Marina; <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California San Diego</a>; <a href="Center_for_Applied_Internet_Data_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis">Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis</a> (CAIDA) (22 June 2018). Rose, Fraces A.; Matyjas, John D. (eds.). Final technical report. Supporting Research and Development of Security Technologies Through Network and Security Data Collection (Report). <a href="Air_Force_Research_Laboratory_Information_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate">Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate</a>. pp. iii, 2, 3, 7.</cite>

<dl><dd><abbr title="September">Sep</abbr> 2012 – <abbr title="December">Dec</abbr> 2017 ... Grant number: FA8750-12-2-0326 ... engaged in <a href="Packet_capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet capture">collecting packet-level data</a> from the UCSD Network Telescope (which monitors a /8 <a href="IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a> darknet) ... To help further advance <a href="Cybersecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersecurity">cybersecurity</a> research, we provided access to this sensitive data – real-time traffic destined for blackhole address space ... The UCSD Network Telescope consists of a large piece of globally announced IPv4 address space (/8 segment). This address space contains almost no legitimate hosts, so inbound traffic to non-existent machines is unsolicited, and anomalous in some way. ... We collected <a href="Pcap" title="Pcap">pcap</a> files (header and content) from the UCSD Network Telescope, instrumentation that monitors, strips the payload, and retains a sliding most recent two-month window of data on our machines, while archiving older data to an outside facility (<a href="National_Energy_Research_Scientific_Computing_Center" title="National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center">NERSC</a>). ... For UCSD Telescope data processing and visualization, we had access to 15 dedicated compute nodes and one <a href="Input/output" title="Input/output">I/O</a> node on the <a href="San_Diego_Supercomputer_Center" title="San Diego Supercomputer Center">SDSC</a> Gordon <a href="Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a> platform that stored and processed the indexed <a href="Time-series_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-series data">time-series data</a>. ... after stripping the <a href="Payload_(computing)" title="Payload (computing)">payload</a>, stored them in one-hour long files in <a href="PCAP" class="mw-redirect" title="PCAP">PCAP</a> format. We made these files available in near-real-time (with 1-hour delay). ... dedicated system administrator with experience in managing data processing pipelines administered these facilities ... number of files and the total volume of data collected ... (from [2012-10-01] until [2017-12-31]) as well as cumulative size ... Telescope: number of files: 129552; Size: 2.85 <a href="Petabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabyte">PB</a>; On-disk size (compressed), [at 2017-12-31]: 1.30 <a href="Petabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabyte">PB</a>; Uncompressed size, [at 2017-12-31]: 3.25 <a href="Petabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabyte">PB</a></dd></dl>

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<li id="cite_note-moore-2001-dos-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moore-2001-dos_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moore-2001-dos_26-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMooreCAIDAVoelkerSavage2001" class="citation web cs1">Moore, David; CAIDA; Voelker, Geoffrey M.; <a href="Stefan_Savage" title="Stefan Savage">Savage, Stefan</a> (17 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205051509/http://www.caida.org/publications/papers/2001/BackScatter/usenixsecurity01.pdf">"Inferring Internet Denial-of-Service Activity"</a> (PDF). <a href="San_Diego_Supercomputer_Center" title="San Diego Supercomputer Center">San Diego Supercomputer Center</a>. p. 5,13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caida.org/publications/papers/2001/BackScatter/usenixsecurity01.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2019. <q>experimental backscatter collection platform. We monitor all traffic to our /8 network by <a href="Network_monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Network monitor">passively monitoring</a> data as it is forwarded through a shared hub. ... monitored the sole ingress link into a lightly utilized /8 network (comprising 224 distinct IP addresses, or 1/256 of the <a href="List_of_assigned_/8_IPv4_address_blocks" title="List of assigned /8 IPv4 address blocks">total Internet address space</a>). ... configured to capture all <a href="Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> traffic ... grateful to Brian Kantor and Jim Madden of <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">UCSD</a> who provided access to key network resources ... <abbr title="Kimberly Claffy">kc claffy</abbr> and Colleen Shannon at CAIDA provided support ... <a href="DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> <a href="Next_Generation_Internet_Program" title="Next Generation Internet Program">NGI</a> Contract N66001-98-2-8922, <a href="National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">NSF</a> grant <abbr title="Networking and Communications Research">NCR</abbr>-9711092</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-cw-20020812-27"><a href="#cite_ref-cw-20020812_27-0">^</a> <cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Researchers-focus-on-Net-attacks-with-network-telescope">"Researchers focus on Net attacks with network telescope"</a>. <a href="Computer_Weekly" title="Computer Weekly">Computer Weekly</a>. 12 August 2002. Retrieved 22 July 2019. <q>A "network telescope" operated by the Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA), in San Diego, has gathered statistics about DoS attacks and the 2001 Code Red and Code Red 2 worm attacks ... a large block of IP (Internet protocol) addresses at the <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California at San Diego</a>, a block so big that it makes up some 0.4% of the world's addresses.</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-brown-2005-28"><a href="#cite_ref-brown-2005_28-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrownlee2005" class="citation book cs1">Brownlee, Nevil (31 March 2005). Dovrolis, Constantinos (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2mr2BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA277">Some Observations of Internet Stream Lifetimes</a>. <a href="Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>: Springer. p. 277. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9783540319665</bdi>. <q>Support for this work is provided by <a href="DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> <abbr title="Network Modeling and Simulation">NMS</abbr> Contract darpa N66001-01-1-8909, <a href="National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">NSF</a> Award <abbr title="Networking and Communications Research">NCR</abbr>-9711092 'CAIDA: Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis,' and the <a href="University_of_Auckland" title="University of Auckland">University of Auckland</a>.</q></cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (help)

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<li id="cite_note-fields-20190719-30"><a href="#cite_ref-fields-20190719_30-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFieldsFormer_ARDC_Technical_Advisory_Committee_(TAC)_member2019" class="citation web cs1">Fields, Bryan; Former <abbr title="Amateur Radio Digital Communications">ARDC</abbr> Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) member (19 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mailman.nanog.org/pipermail/nanog/2019-July/102109.html">"44/8"</a>. <q>was a <abbr title="Technical Advisory Committee">TAC committee </abbr> member (I resigned in disgust just 15 min ago), and the board has failed to inform anyone ... private little thing ... with <abbr title="Brian Kantor">Brian</abbr> and <abbr title="Kimberly Claffy">KC</abbr> ... huge <a href="Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict of interest</a> in <abbr title="Kimberly Claffy">KC</abbr> being a board member of <abbr title="Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc.">ARDC</abbr> and Network Telescope getting a <a href="Data_feed" title="Data feed">feed</a> of 44/8 direct at no cost. ... 44/8 announcement and <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">UCSD</a> routing broke connectivity to directly connected <a href="Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">BGP</a> subnets for years. ... <abbr title="Brian Kantor">Brian</abbr> retiring from <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">UCSD</a> ... being a board member ... can be a lucrative job. ... broken <a href="Reverse_DNS" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse DNS">reverse DNS</a> for all of 44/8. ... <a href="Theft" title="Theft">theft</a> from the community it was meant to serve.</q></cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

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<li id="cite_note-moore-2001-crv2-31"><a href="#cite_ref-moore-2001-crv2_31-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMooreShannon2001" class="citation web cs1">Moore, David; Shannon, Colleen (25 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caida.org/research/security/code-red/coderedv2_analysis.xml">"The Spread of the Code-Red Worm (CRv2)"</a>. <a href="Center_for_Applied_Internet_Data_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis">Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis</a>. Retrieved 22 July 2019. <q>10:00 UTC in the morning of [2001-07-19] ... Between midnight and 16:30 UTC, a passive <a href="Network_monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Network monitor">network monitor</a> recorded headers of all packets destined for the /8 research network. ... <a href="Internet_filter" title="Internet filter">filter</a> was put into place upstream ... unable to capture <a href="IP_header" title="IP header">IP packet headers</a> after 16:30 UTC. ... would like to thank Pat Wilson and Brian Kantor of <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">UCSD</a> for data ... Support ... provided by DARPA <abbr title="Information Technology Office">ITO</abbr> <a href="Next_Generation_Internet_Program" title="Next Generation Internet Program">NGI</a> and <abbr title="Network Modeling and Simulation">NMS</abbr> programs, NSF <abbr title="Advanced Networking Infrastructure and Research">ANIR</abbr>, and <a href="Center_for_Applied_Internet_Data_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis">Caida</a> members.</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-moor-200211-imw-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moor-200211-imw_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moor-200211-imw_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moor-200211-imw_32-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFMooreShannonBrown2002" class="citation conference cs1">Moore, David; Shannon, Colleen; Brown, Jeffery (November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caida.org/publications/papers/2002/codered/codered.pdf">Code-Red: a case study on the spread and victims of an Internet worm</a> (PDF). Internet Measurement Workshop. <q>Support for this work is provided by <a href="Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> <abbr title="Network Modeling & Simulation">NMS</abbr> Grant N66001-01-1-8909, <a href="National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">NSF</a> grant <abbr title="Networking and Communications Research">NCR</abbr>-9711092, <a href="Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a> <abbr title="University Research Board">URB</abbr> Grant ... analysis of the <a href="Code_Red_(computer_worm)" title="Code Red (computer worm)">Code-Red I</a> worm covers the spread of the worm between [2001-07-04] and [2001-08-25]. Before Code-Red I began to spread, we were collecting data in the form of a packet header trace of hosts sending unsolicited <a href="TCP_SYN" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP SYN">TCP SYN</a> packets into our /8 network. ... on the morning of [2001-07-19], ... midnight and 16:30 UTC on [2001-07-19], a passive network monitor recorded headers of all packets destined for the /8 research network ... we collected data through [2001-10] ... background level of unsolicited TCP SYN packets ... In our /8, this rate fluctuates between 100 and 600 hosts per two hour period, with <a href="Diurnal_cycle" title="Diurnal cycle">diurnal</a> and weekly variations. ... We would like to thank Pat Wilson and Brian Kantor of <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">UCSD</a> for data ... <a href="Vern_Paxson" title="Vern Paxson">Vern Paxson</a> ... <a href="Stefan_Savage" title="Stefan Savage">Stefan Savage</a> (<a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">UCSD</a>) ... <a href="Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> <abbr title="Information Technology Office">ITO</abbr> <a href="Next_Generation_Internet_Program" title="Next Generation Internet Program">NGI</a> and <abbr title="Network Modeling & Simulation">NMS</abbr> programs, <a href="National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">NSF</a> <abbr title="Advanced Networking Infrastructure and Research">ANIR</abbr>, and CAIDA members. ... generous support of <a href="Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a>.</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-hohlfeld-20190729-33"><a href="#cite_ref-hohlfeld-20190729_33-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHohlfeld2019" class="citation web cs1">Hohlfeld, Oliver [@ohohlfeld] (20 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/ohohlfeld/status/1152520585282498560">"One additional aspect that is of relevance to the Internet measurement community: 44/8 is used by the @caidaorg internet telescope for long. The unused space in 44/8 is thus of high value to research"</a> (<a href="Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMooreVoelkerSavage2002" class="citation web cs1">Moore, David; Voelker, Geoffrey M.; <a href="Stefan_Savage" title="Stefan Savage">Savage, Stefan</a> (4 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caida.org/funding/nsftrust/nsfTrust.pdf">"Quantitative Network Security Analysis"</a> (PDF). Project Summary. p. 6,16,17. <q>we were able to monitor the sole ingress link into a lightly-utilized /8 network ... the local monitoring we employ can be used to accurately infer global large-scale activity. However, our infrastructure is unique and fixed ... Raw, unencoded trace data will be kept on CAIDA machines ... Due to their experience and trust by the community, CAIDA staff will manage the collection, storage and anonymization of data. ...during August 2001, collecting only packet header data for Code-Red probes to our network telescope resulted in 0.5<a href="Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> of compressed raw data per hour.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Researchers-focus-on-Net-attacks-with-network-telescope">"Researchers focus on Net attacks with network telescope"</a>. <a href="Computer_Weekly" title="Computer Weekly">Computer Weekly</a>. 12 August 2002. Retrieved 10 December 2019. <q><a href="Cooperative_Association_for_Internet_Data_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis">CAIDA</a> monitors traffic directed toward any one of a large block of IP (Internet protocol) addresses at the <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California at San Diego</a>, a block so big that it makes up some 0.4% of the world's addresses.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-shannon-20041122-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shannon-20041122_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shannon-20041122_36-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFShannonCooperative_Association_for_Internet_Data_Analysis2004" class="citation journal cs1">Shannon, Colleen; <a href="Cooperative_Association_for_Internet_Data_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis">Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis</a> (22 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caida.org/publications/presentations/2004/ucsd_network_telescope/ucsd_network_telescope_ccied.pdf">"The UCSD Network Telescope"</a> (PDF). <abbr title="National Science Foundation">NSF</abbr> <abbr title="Center for Internet Epidemiology and Defenses">CIED</abbr> Site Visit: 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 23. <q>Continuously collected/archived data: 15 months of trace data (Since [2004-08-12]); 16 months of <a href="Traffic_flow_(computer_networking)" title="Traffic flow (computer networking)">flow</a> data (Since [2003-07-11]); 0.75 TB/month (8 TB total) ... September 2004: Network Telescope is 1/3 of all inbound traffic to <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">UCSD</a>; Inbound traffic drives <a href="Burstable_billing" title="Burstable billing">95th percentile charges</a>; Net cost to UCSD for bandwidth: ~$2500/month. October 2004: <a href="Limelight_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Limelight Networks">Limelight networks</a> donates all inbound connectivity to the UCSD Network Telescope: ~$30,000/year ... Current Assets: /8 network (Fall 2001); /16 network (Winter 2004) ... Separate <a href="Gigabit_Ethernet" title="Gigabit Ethernet">GigE</a> interfaces ... (restricted access) Raw telescope traces ... Technical support of Network Telescope at UCSD: Brian Kantor, Jim Madden, and Pat Wilson; Support for this work was provided by: <a href="National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">NSF</a>, <a href="Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a>, <a href="United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">DHS</a>, <a href="Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">DARPA</a>, and <a href="Cooperative_Association_for_Internet_Data_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis">CAIDA</a> members</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-polterock-20120404-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-polterock-20120404_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-polterock-20120404_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-polterock-20120404_37-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFPolterock2012" class="citation web cs1">Polterock, Josh (4 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.caida.org/best_available_data/2012/04/04/targeted-serendipity-the-search-for-storage/">"Targeted Serendipity: the Search for Storage"</a>. According to the Best Available Data. <a href="Center_for_Applied_Internet_Data_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis">Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis</a>. <q>104.66 TiB would cost <a href="Center_for_Applied_Internet_Data_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis">us</a> approximately $40,000 per year to store. ... thank the <a href="San_Diego_Supercomputer_Center" title="San Diego Supercomputer Center">San Diego Supercomputer Center</a> for archiving the UCSD Network Telescope data since 2003. ... The <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <a href="High_Performance_Storage_System" title="High Performance Storage System">HPSS</a> and more recently <a href="Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a> <a href="SAM-QFS" class="mw-redirect" title="SAM-QFS">SamQFS</a> archival storage systems dutifully preserved and delivered the 100+ <a href="Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">Terabytes</a> of raw <a href="Pcap" title="Pcap">pcap</a> traces we have archived over the last eight years. ... On [2012-03-22], we started the transfer via <a href="Energy_Sciences_Network" title="Energy Sciences Network">ESnet</a> ... to the <a href="National_Energy_Research_Scientific_Computing_Center" title="National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center">NERSC</a> <a href="High_Performance_Storage_System" title="High Performance Storage System">HPSS</a> facilities. ... one week's time and sustained an average of 1.52 <a href="Gigabit_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigabit per second">Gbps</a> ... April 2009 ... removal of an upstream rate limit filter on incoming packets</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-polterock-20121221-38"><a href="#cite_ref-polterock-20121221_38-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPolterock2012" class="citation report cs1">Polterock, Josh (21 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caida.org/funding/impact/HostingInfrastructureDescription2012.pdf">CAIDA Data Hosting and Provisioning Infrastructure for PREDICT</a> (PDF). Hosting Infrastructure Description (Report). Supporting Research and Development of Security Technologies through Network and Security Data Collection. p. 2,3. <q><code>thor.caida.org</code> ... acts both as the primary data server and the primary analysis machine for the UCSD Network Telescope data. ... 150 TB allocation of <a href="High_Performance_Storage_System" title="High Performance Storage System">HPSS</a> tape resources at the <a href="National_Energy_Research_Scientific_Computing_Center" title="National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center">NERSC</a> facility where we archive our historical UCSD Network Telescope (darknet) data. As of the end of 2012, we have used approximately 105TB of this allocation. ... Data Capture Server: Telescope Data: <code>seaport.caida.org</code></q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-klaffy-20171208-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klaffy-20171208_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-klaffy-20171208_39-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFClaffy2017" class="citation report cs1"><a href="Kimberly_C._Claffy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberly C. Claffy">Claffy, K.</a> (7 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caida.org/publications/presentations/2017/impact_pi_dec/impact_pi_dec.pdf">Data Collection Infrastructures</a> (PDF). DHS IMPACT Project: CAIDA update (Report). <a href="SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI</a>, <a href="Menlo_Park%2C_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park, CA</a>. p. 7. <q>UCSD Network Telescope: As of January 2017, captures more than 1-1.5 <a href="Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a> of compressed traffic trace data per day. ... 37 <a href="Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a>: last full month (<abbr title="November">Nov</abbr> 2017) ... 1162 <a href="Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a>: total archived at NERSC ... New compute platform (Thor 2.0) 2x <a href="Intel_Xeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Xeon">E5-2630 v4</a> CPUs (10 core each @ 2.2 GHz). 512GB of RAM. 12x 4<a href="Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a> <a href="Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDDs</a> (+2 <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a> drives)</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-jonker-2017-third-40"><a href="#cite_ref-jonker-2017-third_40-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJonkerKingKruppRossow2017" class="citation conference cs1">Jonker, Mattijs; King, Alistair; Krupp, Johannes; Rossow, Christian; Sperotto, Anna; Dainotti, Alberto (1 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inet.haw-hamburg.de/teaching/ws-2017-18/technik-und-technologie-vernetzter-systeme/papers/underattackimc2017.pdf">A Third of the Internet is Under Attack: a Macroscopic Characterization of the <abbr title="Denial-of-Service">DoS</abbr> Ecosystem</a> (PDF). Internet Measurement Conference. p. 1,7. <q><a href="Denial-of-Service_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial-of-Service attack">Denial-of-Service attacks</a> ... backscatter packets reaching the <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">UCSD</a> Network Telescope, a largely-unused /8 network operated by the <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California San Diego</a>. ... also called darknets, passively collect unsolicited traffic ... the mean (maximum per attack) rate observed at the telescope is 226 packets per second – corresponding to an estimate of almost 60k <a href="Packets_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Packets per second">packets per second</a></q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.caida.org/datasets/security/codered/README.txt">"The CAIDA Dataset on the Code-Red Worms"</a>. 31 October 2013. <q>The CAIDA Dataset on the Code-Red Worms was sponsored by: <a href="Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a>, Inc; The <a href="United_States" title="United States">US Department of Homeland Security</a>; The <a href="National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>; The <a href="Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a>; CAIDA Members. Special thanks to Brian Kantor, Jim Madden, and Pat Wilson at <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">UCSD</a> and Barry Greene at <a href="Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco</a> for support of the UCSD Network Telescope Project. Rapid coordination of all of these folks in the face of a network crisis, along with an equally rapid and incredibly generous equipment donation from <a href="Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco</a>, allowed the collection of this unique dataset.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-kantor-201107-brief-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kantor-201107-brief_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kantor-201107-brief_42-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFKantorDepartment_of_Computer_ScienceUniversity_of_California_San_Diego2011" class="citation news cs1">Kantor, Brian; Department of Computer Science; University of California San Diego (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/brieflook.pdf">"A Brief Look at Internet Networking Over Amateur Radio"</a> (PDF). Amateur Radio Digital Communications. p. 3. Retrieved 21 July 2019. <q>... provision to allow packets addressed to AMPRNet gateways to be forwarded one-way from the Internet, ... supports an academic cybersecurity research project (funded by the <a href="National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> and the <a href="United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Deparment [sic] of Homeland Security</a>) which relies on routing to the AMPRNet address space through the forwarder.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nsf-1059439-2011-43"><a href="#cite_ref-nsf-1059439-2011_43-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1059439">"Award#1059439 - II-EN: A Real-Time Lens into Dark Space of the Internet"</a>. Award Search. <a href="National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2019. <q>Award Number: 1059439; Start Date: [2011-07-01]; End Date: [2014-06-30] (Estimated); Awarded Amount to Date: $532,000.00; Investigator(s): Kimberly Claffy ... caida.org (Principal Investigator); Sponsor: <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California-San Diego</a> ... CAIDA researchers are expanding their telescope instrumentation</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-stardust-20190416-44"><a href="#cite_ref-stardust-20190416_44-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKingDainotti2019" class="citation conference cs1">King, Alistair; Dainotti, Alberto (16 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caida.org/publications/presentations/2019/stardust_aims/stardust_aims.pdf">STARDUST: Sustainable Tools for Analysis and Research on Darknet UnSolicited Traffic</a> (PDF). Workshop on Active Internet Measurements. <a href="Center_for_Applied_Internet_Data_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis">Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis</a>. <q>Globally routed, lightly used /8 network (1/256 of the entire IPv4 address space); 24/7 full packet traces; Archive of <a href="Pcap" title="Pcap">pcap</a> data back to 2003; ... ~2 <a href="Petabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabyte">PB</a> currently, growing by ~30 <a href="Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a> per month ... Data from additional <a href="Network_telescope" title="Network telescope">telescopes</a> coming soon: <a href="Merit_Network" title="Merit Network">Merit Networks</a>; <a href="Polytechnic_University_of_Turin" title="Polytechnic University of Turin">Politecnico di Torino</a>, Italy; <a href="Federal_University_of_Minas_Gerais" title="Federal University of Minas Gerais">UFMG</a>, Brazil ... Internet ... 10<abbr title="gigabit per second">G</abbr> ... X.0.0.0/8 Darknet ... Optical Splitter ... <abbr title="non-profit Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. router">NP-Router</abbr> ... DAG Capture Card ... <a href="IP_multicast" title="IP multicast">Multicast</a> <a href="VLAN" title="VLAN">VLAN</a></q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ds-0834-45"><a href="#cite_ref-ds-0834_45-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFUCSDCenter_for_Applied_Internet_Data_Analysis" class="citation web cs1"><a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">UCSD</a>; <a href="Center_for_Applied_Internet_Data_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis">Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.impactcybertrust.org/dataset_view?idDataset=834">"CAIDA UCSD Network Telescope Traffic Samples"</a>. North Carolina: IMPACT Cyber Trust. <q>Collection Starting [2001-02-01]; Collection Ending [2008-11-19]. Samples of <a href="Internet_background_noise" title="Internet background noise">Internet Background Radiation</a> traffic ... unidirectional, unsolicited traffic ... Size 656.6<a href="Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a></q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-claffy-20120117-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-claffy-20120117_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-claffy-20120117_46-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFClaffy2012" class="citation report cs1">Claffy, Kimberly C. (17 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caida.org/publications/presentations/2012/predict_pi_jan/predict_pi_jan.pdf">Data collection - passive</a> (PDF). <a href="United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">DHS</a> <abbr title="Protected REpository for the Defense of Infrastructure against Cyber Threats">PREDICT</abbr> project: <a href="Center_for_Applied_Internet_Data_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis">CAIDA</a> update (Report). p. 5. <q>UCSD telescope: ... 30-days (really five weeks) "live" on disk ... typically 2.9 <a href="Tebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tebibyte">TiB</a> compressed, 5.5 <a href="Tebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tebibyte">TiB</a> uncompressed ... current: [2008-04-12] - [2012-01-12]: 102 <a href="Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a> (compressed), 192 <a href="Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a> (uncompressed)</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCooperative_Association_for_Internet_Data_Analysis2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Cooperative_Association_for_Internet_Data_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis">Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis</a> (12 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caida.org/data/passive/backscatter_request.xml">"CAIDA Backscatter Data Request Form"</a>. <q>Users are encouraged, but not required, to include the following <a href="Attribution_(copyright)" title="Attribution (copyright)">attribution</a> in their <a href="Acknowledgment_(writing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acknowledgment (writing)">acknowledgments</a> section: ...</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLunduke2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Lunduke, Bryan (29 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.networkworld.com/article/3229566/weird-ip-networks-internet-via-birds-and-ham-radios.html">"Weird IP networks: Internet via birds and ham radios"</a>. Network World. Retrieved 20 July 2019. <q>AMateur Packet Radio Network. ... in the 1970s, the entire "44" <a href="Class_A_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Class A network">class A block</a> ... was assigned specifically for use via amateur radio.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFARDC_Board_of_Directors2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><abbr title="Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc.">ARDC</abbr> Board of Directors (18 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dewaynenet.wordpress.com/2019/07/19/amprnet-address-sale/">"AMPRNet Address Sale"</a>. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019. <q>The sale amounts to some millions of dollars, which will be used in the furtherance of <abbr title="Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc.">ARDC</abbr>'s continuing public benefit purpose. ... The uppermost 1/4 of the former AMPRNet address space (44.192.0.0/10) has been ... sold to another owner ... over 12 million IPv4 addresses remain</q></cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-amprnet-20190720-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amprnet-20190720_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amprnet-20190720_50-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFKantorKarnClaffyGilmore2019" class="citation web cs1">Kantor, Brian; <a href="Phil_Karn" title="Phil Karn">Karn, Phil</a>; Claffy, K. C.; <a href="John_Gilmore_(activist)" title="John Gilmore (activist)">Gilmore, John</a>; <a href="Hank_Magnuski" title="Hank Magnuski">Magnuski, Hank</a>; <a href="Bdale_Garbee" title="Bdale Garbee">Garbee, Bdale</a>; Hansen, Skip; Horne, Bill; Ricketts, John; Traschewski, Jann; <a href="Paul_Vixie" title="Paul Vixie">Vixie, Paul</a> (20 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719144558/https://www.ampr.org/amprnet/">"AMPRNet"</a>. ampr.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ampr.org/amprnet/">the original</a> on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019. <q>in mid-2019, a block of approximately four million consecutive AMPRNet addresses denoted as 44.192.0.0/10 was ... sold to the highest qualified bidder at the then current <a href="Fair_market_value" title="Fair market value">fair market value</a> ... leaves some twelve million addresses</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ripe.net/data/ris-first-last-seen/data.json?resource=44.0.0.0%2F8">"RIS First-Last-Seen (44.0.0.0/8)"</a>. Routing Information Service. <a href="R%C3%A9seaux_IP_Europ%C3%A9ens_Network_Coordination_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre">Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre</a>. Retrieved 20 July 2019. <q>"44.0.0.0/8" ... last: ... time: 2019-06-04T16:00:00</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-curran-20190719-52"><a href="#cite_ref-curran-20190719_52-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCurran2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="John_Curran_(businessman)" title="John Curran (businessman)">Curran, John</a> (19 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mailman.nanog.org/pipermail/nanog/2019-July/102135.html">"44/8"</a>. NANOG mailing list. <a href="North_American_Network_Operators'_Group" title="North American Network Operators' Group">North American Network Operators' Group</a>. <q>ARIN did receive and process a request from the 44/8 registrant to transfer a portion of the block to another party. ... we review and confirm: ... source of the transfer is the legal entity which holds the rights ... recipient org has approval per policy to receive an address block of the appropriate size</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-iana-20190702-53"><a href="#cite_ref-iana-20190702_53-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space/ipv4-address-space.xhtml">"IANA IPv4 Address Space Registry"</a>. <a href="Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a>. 2 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707115756/https://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space/ipv4-address-space.xhtml">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019. <q>Last Updated 2019-07-02 ... 044/8 Amateur Radio Digital Communications</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-iana-20190718-54"><a href="#cite_ref-iana-20190718_54-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space/ipv4-address-space.xhtml">"IANA IPv4 Address Space Registry"</a>. <a href="Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a>. 18 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720231500/https://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space/ipv4-address-space.xhtml">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019. <q>Last Updated 2019-07-18 ... 044/8 Administered by <a href="American_Registry_for_Internet_Numbers" title="American Registry for Internet Numbers">ARIN</a></q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.arin.net/rdap/?query=44.192.0.0">"Network: NET-44-192-0-0-1"</a>. ARIN Whois/Registration Data Access Protocol. <a href="American_Registry_for_Internet_Numbers" title="American Registry for Internet Numbers">American Registry for Internet Numbers</a>. Retrieved 20 July 2019. <q>Address: Amazon Web Services, Inc.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAbbas2019" class="citation web cs1">Abbas, Majdi S. (19 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mailman.nanog.org/pipermail/nanog/2019-July/102103.html">"44/8"</a>. NANOG mailing list. <a href="North_American_Network_Operators'_Group" title="North American Network Operators' Group">North American Network Operators' Group</a>. Retrieved 19 July 2019. <q>CIDR: 44.192.0.0/10; NetName: AT-88-Z; Organization: <a href="Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon Technologies Inc.</a> (AT-88-Z); RegDate: 2019-07-18</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-qrz-w6rz-20190731-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qrz-w6rz-20190731_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-qrz-w6rz-20190731_57-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFKantor2019" class="citation web cs1">Kantor, Brian (31 July 2019). Economos, Ron (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210731100621/https://forums.qrz.com/index.php?threads/a-civil-discussion-about-the-future-of-amsat-na.667517/page-4#post-5146742">"A civil discussion about the future of AMSAT-NA"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forums.qrz.com/index.php?threads/a-civil-discussion-about-the-future-of-amsat-na.667517/page-4#post-5146742">the original</a> on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2019 – via <a href="QRZ.com" title="QRZ.com">QRZ.com</a> Forums. <q>The at least $50M number has been confirmed by one of the <abbr title="board of directors">BOD</abbr> of ARDC. ... Here's the e-mail. ... "NO plan to sell any more of the AMPRNet address space now or at any time in the future." ... we and the negotiators we employed were able to obtain the best sale price available. After months of negotiation, this all went surprisingly quickly from proposals to accomplished fact, in a matter of just a few days. With more than 50 million dollars that now must be spent on promoting <a href="Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a></q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKantorKarn2019" class="citation web cs1">Kantor, Brian; <a href="Phil_Karn" title="Phil Karn">Karn, Phil</a> (19 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mailman.nanog.org/pipermail/nanog/2019-July/102138.html">"44.192.0.0/10 sale"</a>. NANOG mailing list. <a href="North_American_Network_Operators'_Group" title="North American Network Operators' Group">North American Network Operators' Group</a>. <q>worthy grant recipients ... to benefit amateur digital radio and related development. ... worldwide activity. ... grants to students who are hams; ... Development of *freely available* technology: hardware, software, protocols, ... good ideas from anyone who has them. ... didn't like the secrecy either, but it was necessary ... Everyone with any arguable legal property interest in 44/8 was fully informed and consented to give up that interest ... I didn't even think twice about it.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-address-coordinators-1994-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-address-coordinators-1994_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-address-coordinators-1994_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-address-coordinators-1994_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-address-coordinators-1994_59-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFKantor1994" class="citation web cs1">Kantor, Brian (8 September 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720225455/http://www.n4zkf.com/n4zkf/files/AMPR_ORG/AMPRNETS.TXT">"AMPRNet IP address coordinators as of 8 September 1994"</a>. David Calder. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.n4zkf.com/n4zkf/files/AMPR_ORG/AMPRNETS.TXT">the original</a> on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019. <q>44.193 <a href="Outer_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer Space">Outer Space</a>-<a href="AMSAT" title="AMSAT">AMSAT</a> ... 44.194 <a href="Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceana</a> ... 44.195 <a href="Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> ... 44.196 <a href="Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-address-coordinators-2002-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-address-coordinators-2002_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-address-coordinators-2002_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-address-coordinators-2002_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-address-coordinators-2002_60-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFKantor2002" class="citation report cs1">Kantor, Brian (20 May 2002). AMPRNet IP address coordinators as of 20 May 2002 (Report). Mats Peterson. <q>44.193 <a href="Outer_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer Space">Outer Space</a>-<a href="AMSAT" title="AMSAT">AMSAT</a> ... 44.194 <a href="Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceana</a> ... 44.195 <a href="Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> ... 44.196 <a href="Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-address-coordinators-2007-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-address-coordinators-2007_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-address-coordinators-2007_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-address-coordinators-2007_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-address-coordinators-2007_61-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-address-coordinators-2007_61-4">e</a> <cite id="CITEREFKantor2007" class="citation web cs1">Kantor, Brian (20 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iv3ium.it/product_1.html">"AMPRNet IP address coordinators as of 20 Nov 2007"</a>. Antonio Dimasi. Retrieved 21 July 2019. <q>44.192/24 <a href="Roaming" title="Roaming">Roaming</a> ... 44.193 <a href="Outer_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer Space">Outer Space</a>-<a href="AMSAT" title="AMSAT">AMSAT</a> ... 44.194 <a href="Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceana</a> ... 44.195 <a href="Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> ... 44.196 <a href="Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cisar.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1003">"ampr.org delega CISAR per la gestione diretta su Internet della rete 44.208/16"</a> [ampr.org delegates <abbr title="Centro Italiano Sperimentazione ed Attività Radiantistiche">CISAR</abbr> direct management on the Internet of network 44.208/16] (in Italian). Centro Italiano Sperimentazione ed Attività Radiantistiche (CISAR). 12 December 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2019. <q>"License for Directly Routed (<a href="Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" title="Classless Inter-Domain Routing">CIDR</a> delegated) Subnet: ... address block 44.208.0.0/16 for a period of five years beginning [2012-12-12]</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-address-coordinators-2012-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-address-coordinators-2012_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-address-coordinators-2012_63-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFKantor2012" class="citation web cs1">Kantor, Brian (9 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414214001/https://www.ampr.org/amprnets.txt">"AMPRNet IP address coordinators as of 9 <abbr title="April">Apr</abbr> 2012"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ampr.org/amprnets.txt">the original</a> on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2019. <q>44.192/24 Roaming ... 44.193 <a href="Outer_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer Space">Outer Space</a>-<a href="AMSAT" title="AMSAT">AMSAT</a> ... 44.194 <a href="Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceana</a> ... 44.195 <a href="Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> ... 44.196 <a href="Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> ... 44.208/16 <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> CisarNet ... 44.224/15 Germany <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAMNET" class="extiw external" title="de:HAMNET">HAMNET</a> (Highspeed AMateur-radio NETwork)</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-hosts-1987-12-11-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hosts-1987-12-11_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hosts-1987-12-11_64-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFKantor1987" class="citation web cs1">Kantor, Brian (11 December 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727023053/https://www.mit.edu/afs.new/sipb/user/marc/stuff/hp100lx/ka9q/HOSTS.NET">"HOSTS.TXT"</a>. hosts.net for all known AMPRNET addresses. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mit.edu/afs.new/sipb/user/marc/stuff/hp100lx/ka9q/HOSTS.NET">the original</a> on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2019. <q>Revised as of 11 December 1987 ... 44.192.0.0 <a href="Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>-<a href="T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tuebingen</a>-subnet ... 44.198.0.0 <a href="Eppstein" title="Eppstein">Eppstein</a>-subnet</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-country-networks-65"><a href="#cite_ref-country-networks_65-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.ampr.org/networks.php">"Country Networks"</a>. AMPRNet. Retrieved 21 July 2019.</cite> 44.224.0.0/15 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.ampr.org/networks.php?a=region&id=77">Germany</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-herzig-20190720-66"><a href="#cite_ref-herzig-20190720_66-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHerzig2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Herzig, Gerrit [@DH8GHH] (20 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/DH8GHH/status/1152594537161928704">"Die ARDC hat einen "mostly unused" Block 44er IP-Adressen an Amazon verkauft, die bisher den Funkamateuren gehörten. Ich darf demnächst 262 Geräten im #HamNet eine neue IP geben, 75 Subnetze ändern und an 24 Standorten das Routing neu aufsetzen ohne mich dabei auszusperren..."</a> [The ARDC has sold a "mostly unused" block of 44-IP addresses to Amazon, which previously belonged to the radio amateurs. In the near future must give a new IP address to 262 devices in #HamNet, change 75 subnets and re-establish the routing in 24 locations without locking myself out...] (<a href="Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) (in German) – via <a href="Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVixie2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Paul_Vixie" title="Paul Vixie">Vixie, Paul [@paulvixie]</a> (20 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/paulvixie/status/1152679549488025600">"i am ok with this. ampr.org can make better use of money than ip space in fulfilling its nonprofit mission, at this stage of the game"</a> (<a href="Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). Retrieved 22 July 2019 – via <a href="Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-barton-20190727-68"><a href="#cite_ref-barton-20190727_68-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBarton2019" class="citation web cs1">Barton, Doug (27 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mailman.nanog.org/pipermail/nanog/2019-July/102268.html">"44/8"</a> (email). NANOG mailing list. <a href="North_American_Network_Operators'_Group" title="North American Network Operators' Group">North American Network Operators' Group</a>. <q>I was <a href="General_manager" title="General manager">GM</a> of the <a href="Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a> in the early 2000s, I held a <a href="Amateur_radio_licensing_in_the_United_States#Technician:_the_first_license_without_Morse_code" title="Amateur radio licensing in the United States">tech license</a> from 1994 through 2004 ... if any of my friends had asked me how I thought news of this sale should have been handled, I would have told them that this reaction that we're seeing now is 100% predictable, and while it could never be eliminated entirely it could be limited in scope and ferocity by getting ahead of the message. At minimum when the transfer occurred. But that doesn't change anything about my opinion that the sale itself was totally reasonable, done by reasonable people, and in keeping with the concept of being good <a href="Stewardship" title="Stewardship">stewards</a> of the <a href="Address_space" title="Address space">space</a>."</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-packet-19840911-69"><a href="#cite_ref-packet-19840911_69-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWard1984" class="citation magazine cs1">Ward, Jeffrey W., ed. (11 September 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GatewayVol1">"ARRL Digital Communications Committee"</a>. Gateway: The ARRL Packet-Radio Newsletter. Vol. 1, no. 3. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GatewayVol1/page/n53">1</a>–2 – via Archive.org. <q>At a meeting in 1981 the <a href="American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">ARRL</a> Board of Directors asked the then-ARRL President Harry Dannals to form "an <a href="Ad_hoc_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad hoc committee">ad hoc committee</a> to recommend standards for digital communications in the <a href="Amateur_Radio_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur Radio Service">Amateur Radio Service</a>." President Dannals and the next ARRL President, Vic Clark, soon completed the formation of the ARRL Ad Hoc Committee on Digital Communication. The "Digital Committee" advises the ARRL Board of Directors on matters concerning digital communications ... Committee members: Paul Rinaldo, W4RI (Chairman); Dennis Connors KD2S; Terry Fox, WB4JFI; Doug Lockhart, VE7APU; Wally Linstruth, WA6JPR; Dr. <a href="Hank_Magnuski" title="Hank Magnuski">Henry S. Magnuski</a>, KA6M; Paul Newland, AD7I; Eric Scace, K3NA.</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-price-19861010-70"><a href="#cite_ref-price-19861010_70-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPrice1986" class="citation magazine cs1">Price, Harold E. (October 1986). <a href="Wayne_Green" title="Wayne Green">Green, Wayne</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-DX/73-magazine/73-magazine-1986/73-magazine-10-october-1986.pdf">"ARRL Digital Committee"</a> (PDF). Packet. <a href="73_Amateur_Radio_Today" class="mw-redirect" title="73 Amateur Radio Today">73 Amateur Radio Today</a>. No. 313. p. 62. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0745-080X">0745-080X</a> – via American Radio History. <q>I said the ARRL was doing good things for <a href="Packet_radio" title="Packet radio">packet</a>. One is sponsoring and publishing the proceedings of the yearly amateur Networking Conferences, and a second is sponsoring the Digital Committee. This group meets at least twice a year (and has just had its June [1986] meeting) to discuss technical issues and to handle various <a href="Sociopolitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociopolitical">sociopolitical</a> problems ... Officially, the committee is an advisory group to the <a href="American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">ARRL</a> board to help the <a href="American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">ARRL</a> make decisions on what it wants to do in packet matters. It also has become the semiofficial <a href="AX.25" title="AX.25">AX.25</a> standards committee. Anyone may attend these meetings: one of them each year is held at the Networking Conference.</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-qst-198709-71"><a href="#cite_ref-qst-198709_71-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/files/file/Technology/tis/info/pdf/8709054.pdf">"Packet Radio Frequency Recommendations of the Ad Hoc Committee on Amateur Radio Digital Communication"</a> (PDF). <a href="QST" title="QST">QST</a>. <a href="American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>. September 1987. p. 54. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-4812">0033-4812</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-scope-198712-72"><a href="#cite_ref-scope-198712_72-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1987" class="citation news cs1">Williamson, Paul (December 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palomararc.org/Scope/scanned/Scope-1987.pdf">"Tidbits from the current events file"</a> (PDF). Scope. Vol. 12, no. 12. p. 14. <q>A subcommittee of the <a href="American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">ARRL</a> Digital Committee will be meeting in January [1988] in Washington, D.C. to consider proposals for Version 3 of the <a href="AX.25" title="AX.25">AX.25</a> Level 2 protocol standard.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-qst-198803-73"><a href="#cite_ref-qst-198803_73-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/files/file/Technology/tis/info/pdf/8803051.pdf">"Packet Radio Frequency Recommendations of the Committee on Amateur Radio Digital Communication"</a> (PDF). <a href="QST" title="QST">QST</a>. <a href="American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>. March 1988. p. 51. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-4812">0033-4812</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-fcc-19930328-74"><a href="#cite_ref-fcc-19930328_74-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFARRL_Committee_on_Amateur_Radio_Digital_Communications1993" class="citation report cs1"><abbr title="American Radio Relay League">ARRL</abbr> Committee on Amateur Radio Digital Communications (28 March 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191118135108/https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/1157520001.pdf">Preliminary Report to the <abbr title="American Radio Relay League">ARRL</abbr> Board of Directors</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>. pp. 2, 7, 8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/1157520001.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 November 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019. <q>supplemental comments by The American Digital Radio Society ... a preliminary report to the <a href="American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">ARRL</a>'s Board of Directors was issued by the ARRL committee on amateur radio digital communications. ... At the January 1993 meeting the ARRL Board of Directors directed this Committee ... ARRL develop, through the Digital Committee and the digital community, guidelines and standards for semi-automatic digital stations</q></cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite report}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

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<li id="cite_note-articles-of-incorporation-20111006-87"><a href="#cite_ref-articles-of-incorporation-20111006_87-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAnonymous" class="citation report cs1">Anonymous. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724201501/https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/Document/RetrievePDF?Id=03421515-14318357">Articles of Incorporation</a>. Business Entities (Report). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/Document/RetrievePDF?Id=03421515-14318357">the original</a> on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2019. <q>The name of this corporation is: Amateur Radio Digital Communications ... Article 2 ... specific purposes ... to support, maintain, preserve and enhance the mission of the Amateur Packet Radio Network. ... shared vision of expanding the Amateur Radio Digital Communications network. ... initial agent for service of process is: 001 Northwest Registered Agent, Inc. #C3184722</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ardc-tax-2012-06-22-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ardc-tax-2012-06-22_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ardc-tax-2012-06-22_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ardc-tax-2012-06-22_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ardc-tax-2012-06-22_88-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ardc-tax-2012-06-22_88-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ardc-tax-2012-06-22_88-5">f</a> <cite id="CITEREFKantor2012" class="citation report cs1">Kantor, Brian (22 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/ARDCTaxExempt_CA3500.pdf">321515 ... Amateur Radio Digital Communications</a> (2011 Form 3500) (Report). Exemption Application. pp. 3, 5. <q>Brian Kantor: President; Kimberly Claffy: Treasurer; Erin Kenneally: Secretary</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-filing-20150925-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-filing-20150925_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-filing-20150925_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-filing-20150925_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-filing-20150925_89-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFKantor2015" class="citation report cs1">Kantor, Brian (25 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724214727/https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/Document/RetrievePDF?Id=03421515-19802245">Amateur Radio Digital Communications</a> (Report). Statement of Information. <a href="California_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="California Secretary of State">California Secretary of State</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/Document/RetrievePDF?Id=03421515-19802245">the original</a> on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2019. <q>California Corporate Number: C3421515 ... Chief Executive Officer: Brian Kantor ... Secretary: Erin Kenneally ... Chief Financial Officer: Kimberly Claffy</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-filing-20150918-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-filing-20150918_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-filing-20150918_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-filing-20150918_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-filing-20150918_90-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFKantor2017" class="citation report cs1">Kantor, Brian (18 September 2017). <a href="Alex_Padilla" title="Alex Padilla">Padilla, Alex</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724213658/https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/Document/RetrievePDF?Id=03421515-22932553">Amateur Radio Digital Communications</a> (Report). Statement of Information. <a href="California_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="California Secretary of State">California Secretary of State</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/Document/RetrievePDF?Id=03421515-22932553">the original</a> on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2019. <q>Filed [2017-09-22] ... California Corporate Number: C3421515 ... Chief Executive Officer: Brian Kantor ... Secretary: Erin Kenneally ... Chief Financial Officer: Kimberly Claffy</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-curran-20190722-2011-91"><a href="#cite_ref-curran-20190722-2011_91-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCurran2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="John_Curran_(businessman)" title="John Curran (businessman)">Curran, John</a> (22 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mailman.nanog.org/pipermail/nanog/2019-July/102195.html">"44/8"</a>. NANOG mailing list. <a href="North_American_Network_Operators'_Group" title="North American Network Operators' Group">North American Network Operators' Group</a>. <q>In the case of AMRPNET, in 2011 <a href="American_Registry_for_Internet_Numbers" title="American Registry for Internet Numbers">ARIN</a> did approve update of the registration to a <a href="Public-benefit_nonprofit_corporation" title="Public-benefit nonprofit corporation">public benefit not-for-profit</a> at the request of the registered contact.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-kantor-20170907-92"><a href="#cite_ref-kantor-20170907_92-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKantor2017" class="citation web cs1">Kantor, Brian (7 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/alt.sysadmin.recovery/hUO1NDCv49E">"Goodbye"</a> (email). alt.sysadmin.recovery. <q>retiring from <a href="University_of_California_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California San Diego">UCSD</a>, after 46 years on campus ... I'm CEO of a small non-profit, Amateur Radio Digital Communications</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-articles-20171217-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-articles-20171217_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-articles-20171217_93-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFKantorKenneally2017" class="citation web cs1">Kantor, Brian; Kenneally, Erin (18 December 2017). <a href="Alex_Padilla" title="Alex Padilla">Padilla, Alex</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720211830/https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/articles.pdf">"Restated Articles of Incorporation of Amateur Radio Digital Communications"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/articles.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019. <q>Filed [2017-12-18] ... corporation is a <a href="Public-benefit_nonprofit_corporation" title="Public-benefit nonprofit corporation">nonprofit public benefit corporation</a> ... Article II ... purposes for which this corporation is formed are exclusively charitable, scientific, and educational ... declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the <a href="State_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="State of California">State of California</a></q></cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/Document/RetrievePDF?Id=03421515-23389123">Alt URL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724192743/https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/Document/RetrievePDF?Id=03421515-23389123">Archived</a> 24 July 2021 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ardc-ucsd-amprnet-mou-20190517-94"><a href="#cite_ref-ardc-ucsd-amprnet-mou-20190517_94-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKantorMeyer2019" class="citation report cs1">Kantor, Brian; Meyer, Marianna (17 May 2019). Non-binding Memorandum of Understanding between the Regents of the University of California, San Diego and Amateur Radio Digital Communications (contract). pp. 1‒4. <q>...for mutually beneficial programs, projects, data products and activities. ... It is now the address space 44.0.0.0 through 44.191.255.255 ... ARDC is the owner of the AMPRNet. UCSD has no ownership or right of control over this address space. ... a "Dark Net" to observe specific types of Internet traffic. Since the mid-1980's, UCSD has provided colocation services for the AMPRNet for ARDC, so that in a continuing manner, UCSD's CAIDA Research group may observe, collect, and analyze the AMPRNet traffic. ... cause AMPRNet traffic from the global Internet to be routed to UCSD for study. ... UCSD shall: Operate network hardware and software to provide colocation services for the AMPRNet TCP/IP networks for Amateur Radio on UCSD infrastructure. ... Collaborator shall: Agree to allow UCSD to collect, filter and curate data destined for the AMPRNet network for the purposes of network research and responsible data sharing with the network and security research communities. ... effective through [July 31, 2023] at which time it will expire unless extended.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-cns-20200301-95"><a href="#cite_ref-cns-20200301_95-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cns.ucsd.edu/amateur-radio-digital-communications-completes-turing-scholarship-endowment/">"Amateur Radio Digital Communications Completes Turing Scholarship Endowment"</a>. News. Center for Networked Systems. <a href="University_of_California%2C_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>. 31 March 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020. <q>following a $225,533 donation from the Amateur Radio Digital Communications (ARDC) association, the Alan Turing Memorial Scholarship is now fully endowed. ... gift honors former UC San Diego Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) employee and ARDC founder Brian Kantor, who died unexpectedly in November 2019.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHooper2021" class="citation web cs1">Hooper, Milo (7 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w1mx.mit.edu/giving/">"Update on Radome Project"</a>. Capital Campaign. W1MX. Retrieved 7 November 2021. <q>extremely generous donation of $1.6M by Amateur Radio Digital Communications (ARDC) as well as donations and support from you - our alumni, members of the MIT community, and friends of amateur radio.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/news/ariss-receives-generous-ardc-grant-for-ariss-stereo-education-project">"ARISS Receives Generous ARDC Grant for ARISS STEREO Education Project"</a>. ARRL News. <a href="American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>. 3 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/news/amateur-radio-digital-communications-grants-continue">"Amateur Radio Digital Communications Grants Continue"</a>. News. American Radio Relay League. 27 January 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022. <q>a nearly $900,000 award that will permit the <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> to build the Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications (DLARC)</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.archive.org/2022/10/04/internet-archive-seeks-donations-of-materials-to-build-a-digital-library-of-amateur-radio-and-communications/">"Internet Archive Seeks Donations of Materials to Build a Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications | Internet Archive Blogs"</a>. 4 October 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.archive.org/2022/10/04/internet-archive-seeks-donations-of-materials-to-build-a-digital-library-of-amateur-radio-and-communications/">"Internet Archive Seeks Donations of Materials to Build a Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications | Internet Archive Blogs"</a>. 4 October 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFkaysavetz2023" class="citation web cs1">kaysavetz (24 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.archive.org/2023/01/24/archive-for-amateur-radio-grows-to-51000-items/">"Archive for Amateur Radio Grows to 51,000 Items | Internet Archive Blogs"</a>. Retrieved 12 August 2023.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial">Financial</h3></div>

<li id="cite_note-ardc-inc-2012-75"><a href="#cite_ref-ardc-inc-2012_75-0">^</a> <cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/financial2012.pdf">Statement of Financial Position 2012</a> (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 2 January 2013. p. 1.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ardc-inc-2013-76"><a href="#cite_ref-ardc-inc-2013_76-0">^</a> <cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/financial2013.pdf">Statement of Financial Position 2013</a> (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 2 April 2014. p. 1.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ardc-inc-2014-77"><a href="#cite_ref-ardc-inc-2014_77-0">^</a> <cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/financial2014.pdf">Statement of Financial Position 2014</a> (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 2 June 2015. p. 1.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ardc-inc-2015-78"><a href="#cite_ref-ardc-inc-2015_78-0">^</a> <cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/financial2015.pdf">Statement of Financial Position 2015</a> (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 31 March 2016. p. 1.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ardc-inc-2016-79"><a href="#cite_ref-ardc-inc-2016_79-0">^</a> <cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/financial2016.pdf">Statement of Financial Income and Expense 2016</a> (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 10 March 2017. p. 1.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ardc-inc-2017-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ardc-inc-2017_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ardc-inc-2017_80-1">b</a> <cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/financial2017.pdf">Statement of Financial Position 2017</a> (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 1 April 2018. p. 2.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ardc-inc-2018-81"><a href="#cite_ref-ardc-inc-2018_81-0">^</a> <cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2018-financials.pdf">Statement of Financial Position 2018</a> (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 8 January 2019. p. 2.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ardc-inc-2019-82"><a href="#cite_ref-ardc-inc-2019_82-0">^</a> <cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rct.doj.ca.gov/Verification/Web/Download.aspx?saveas=Amateur+Radio+Digital+Communications+December+31%2c+2019+Financial+Statements.pdf&document_id=09027b8f803fa726">Financial Statements</a> (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 4 September 2020. pp. 4, 11 – via California Register of Charities. <q>Total Assets: $109,130,548 ... block of 16,777,216 internet protocol (IPv4) addresses ... acquired in 1981 at no charge ... At the time of receipt, there was no discernible market value for the IPv4 addresses and, accordingly, they are carried at no value on ARDC's statement of financial position. ... In 2019, ARDC elected to sell, on a one-time basis, one quarter of its IPv4 addresses to <a href="Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">a large internet company</a>, yielding $109,051,904 of proceeds ... net of a broker commission of $545,260. ... ARDC intends to use the proceeds of the sale for grant making and other activity to support the fields of amateur radio and digital communications ... designated the proceeds of the sale as a board designated endowment.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ardc-inc-2020-83"><a href="#cite_ref-ardc-inc-2020_83-0">^</a> <cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/Amateur-Radio-Digital-Communications-December-31-2020-Financial-Statements.pdf">Statements of Financial Position</a> (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 6 October 2021. pp. 4, 5. Retrieved 26 October 2021. <q>Net Assets Without Donor Restrictions: Beginning of year [2020]: $109,130,548 End of year [2020]: $127,858,353 … Effective, [2021-01-01], ARDC operates as a <a href="Private_foundation_(United_States)" title="Private foundation (United States)">private foundation</a> subject to an excise tax on net investment income</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ardc-inc-2021-84"><a href="#cite_ref-ardc-inc-2021_84-0">^</a> <cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ardc.net/wp-content/uploads/Amateur-Radio-Digital-Communications-December-31-2021-Financial-Statements.pdf">Statements of Financial Position</a> (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 25 January 2023. p. 2. Retrieved 25 January 2023. <q>"Net Assets Without Donor Restrictions: 135,676,708</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ardc-inc-2022-85"><a href="#cite_ref-ardc-inc-2022_85-0">^</a> <cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ardc.net/wp-content/uploads/Amateur_Radio_Digital_Communications_December_31__2022_Financial_Statements.pdf">Statements of Financial Position</a> (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 2 June 2023. p. 2. Retrieved 22 April 2024. <q>"Total assets: 107,895,897</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ardc-inc-2023-86"><a href="#cite_ref-ardc-inc-2023_86-0">^</a> <cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ardc.net/wp-content/uploads/Financial-Statements.pdf">Financial Statements</a> (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 14 November 2024. p. 2. Retrieved 9 July 2025. <q>"Total assets: $ 117,236,719</q></cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKantor1984" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Kantor, Brian (24 August 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qsl.net/kb9mwr/wapr/tcpip/Kantor-Packet_Radio_Networking_Proposal.txt">"Packet Radio Networking Proposal"</a>. Net.ham-radio Newsgroup. Los Angeles Amateur Packet Radio Group meeting: QSL.net. Archived from the original on 26 August 1984 – via Steve Lampereur. <q><a href="Hank_Magnuski" title="Hank Magnuski">Hank Magnuski</a>, KA6M, has obtained a <a href="Class_A_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Class A network">Class-A internet network</a> number assignment for amateur packet radio. ... thank <a href="Phil_Karn" title="Phil Karn">Phil Karn</a>, KA9Q for his suggestion that <a href="TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> could run on top of <a href="AX.25" title="AX.25">AX.25</a> ... registered with the <a href="Defense_Communications_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Communications Agency">Defense Communication Agency</a>'s <a href="Network_Information_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Information Center">Network Information Center</a> as network number 044.xxx.xxx.xxx <abbr title="AMateur Packet Radio Network">AMPRNET</abbr></q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWard1984" class="citation magazine cs1">Ward, Jeffrey W., ed. (25 September 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GatewayVol1/page/n13">"Packet-Radio networking"</a>. Gateway: The ARRL Packet-Radio Newsletter. Vol. 1, no. 4. <q>The datagram protocol being advanced for amateur packet radio is the <a href="Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (DARPA) <a href="Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (IP). ... The <a href="Virtual_circuit" title="Virtual circuit">virtual circuit</a> protocol proposed for amateur use is called <a href="AX.25" title="AX.25">AX.25</a>, ... The Digital Committee has no desire to force a protocol upon any group. ... period of experimentation, during which both datagrams and virtual circuits would be implemented and tested. ... decided to use the <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">"C" programming language</a> ... <a href="Xerox_820" title="Xerox 820">Xerox 820</a> computer, modified to use an <a href="High-Level_Data_Link_Control" title="High-Level Data Link Control">HDLC</a> chip and run at 4 <a href="Megahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Megahertz">MHz</a>.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKarnPriceDiersing1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Phil_Karn" title="Phil Karn">Karn, Philip R.</a>; Price, Harold E.; Diersing, Robert J. (May 1985). "Packet Radio in the Amateur Service". <a href="IEEE_Journal_on_Selected_Areas_in_Communications" title="IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications">IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications</a>. 3 (3): 431. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985IJSAC...3..431K">1985IJSAC...3..431K</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJSAC.1985.1146214">10.1109/JSAC.1985.1146214</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18115981">18115981</a>. <q>two <a href="Schools_of_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Schools of thought">schools of thought</a> ... One group wanted to immediately adopt the <a href="Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency">ARPA</a> <a href="TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> and encapsulate <a href="IPv4_packet" class="mw-redirect" title="IPv4 packet">IP datagrams</a> directly in <a href="High-Level_Data_Link_Control" title="High-Level Data Link Control">HDLC</a> frames. ... Others felt that <a href="TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> was too large a step ... meeting sponsored by <a href="Radio_Amateur_Satellite_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation">AMSAT</a> in October 1982, approved a modified form of <a href="X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> ... protocol, <a href="AX.25" title="AX.25">AX.25</a> (for "Amateur X.25") Level 2 ... expansion of the address field to include the <a href="Amateur_radio_call_signs" title="Amateur radio call signs">amateur radio call signs</a> of both the source and destination</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKloth1988" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Kloth, Ralf D. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.a00.de/tcpgroup/">"TCP-group"</a>. Ancient TCP-group discussion list archives. 1988‒1995, partial. Archived from the original on 31 March 2005.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKarn1988" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="Phil_Karn" title="Phil Karn">Karn, Phil</a> (1 October 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722223948/http://www.tapr.net/pdf/CNC1988-MoreAndFasterBits-N3EUA.pdf">Amateur TCP/IP: An Update</a> (PDF). 7th Computer Networking Conference. <a href="American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>. pp. 115‒121. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tapr.net/pdf/CNC1988-MoreAndFasterBits-N3EUA.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFox1988" class="citation conference cs1">Fox, Terry (1 October 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tapr.org/pdf/CNC1988-AX.25Level2Version2.0-WBJFI.pdf">Proposed AX.25 Level 2 Version 2.0 Changes</a> (PDF). 7th Computer Networking Conference. <a href="American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>. p. 58. <q>These changes have been collected by this author from various sources, and were recommended by a working group of the <a href="American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">ARRL</a> Digital Committee which met in July of 1988.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFScace1988" class="citation conference cs1">Scace, Eric L. (1 October 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tapr.org/pdf/CNC1988-Proposal4EnhancingAX.25-K3NA.pdf">Overview of ARRL Digital Committee Proposals for Enhancing the AX.25 Protocols into Revision 2.1</a> (PDF). 7th Computer Networking Conference. <a href="American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>. p. 150. <q>A working group within the <a href="American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">ARRL</a> Digital Committee has been evaluating enhancements and other proposals for improving <a href="AX.25" title="AX.25">AX.25</a>.</q></cite></li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKarn1990" class="citation interview cs1"><a href="Phil_Karn" title="Phil Karn">Karn, Phil</a> (April 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201122170022/https://the-eye.eu/public/Books/Electronic%20Archive/Future_Shock-_A_Conversation_with_Phil_Karn_KA9Q.pdf">"Future Shock: A Conversation with Phil Karn, KA9Q"</a> (PDF). QST Profile!. <a href="QST" title="QST">QST</a> (Interview). Interviewed by Rick Booth. pp. 48‒49. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the-eye.eu/public/Books/Electronic%20Archive/Future_Shock-_A_Conversation_with_Phil_Karn_KA9Q.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2019. <q>Phil Karn and his friends see a day when <a href="AX.25" title="AX.25">AX.25</a> gives way entirely to <a href="TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a>. ... If you've never <a href="56_kbit/s_line" title="56 kbit/s line">seen 56 kbit/s transfer</a>, you're missing something.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKantor1991" class="citation web cs1">Kantor, Brian (May 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1226.txt">"RFC 1226: Internet Protocol Encapsulation of AX.25 Frames"</a>. <a href="Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">Request for Comments</a>. <q>encapsulation of AX.25 (the Amateur Packet-Radio Link-Layer Protocol) frames within IP packets. ... AX.25 Amateur Packet-Radio Link-Layer Protocol Version 2.0 October 1984.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1995" class="citation web cs1">Simpson, William Allen (October 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1853.txt">"RFC 1853: IP in IP Tunneling"</a>. <a href="Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">Request for Comments</a>. <q>implementation techniques used for many years by the Amateur Packet Radio network for joining a large mobile network,</q></cite></li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMooreSavageVoelker2001" class="citation conference cs1">Moore, David; <a href="Stefan_Savage" title="Stefan Savage">Savage, Stefan</a>; Voelker, Geoff (21 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nanog.org/meetings/abstract?id=992">Estimating Global Denial-of-Service Activity</a>. <a href="North_American_Network_Operators'_Group" title="North American Network Operators' Group">North American Network Operators' Group</a> 22.</cite> <cite id="CITEREFMooreSavageVoelker2001" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Moore, David; <a href="Stefan_Savage" title="Stefan Savage">Savage, Stefan</a>; Voelker, Geoff (21 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201016185824/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z4xhN2ExOFo&gl=US&hl=en">Estimating Global Denial-of-Service Activity</a>. TeamNANOG. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z4xhN2ExOFo&list=PLO8DR5ZGla8jC-HfrTfq7mz3JZ9lUsOkl&index=1">the original</a> (video) on 16 October 2020 – via Youtube.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFVerDuinKarnvan_der_Grinten2006" class="citation web cs1">VerDuin, Skip; <a href="Phil_Karn" title="Phil Karn">Karn, Phil</a>; van der Grinten, Gerard (24 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iv3ium.it/dati/frontpage.pdf">"JNOS-2"</a> (software manual). p. 106,107. <q>Gone are the days where it was easy to pass 44 traffic over the internet, or where IPIP was a protocol that saw little hinderance [<a href="Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>]. ... IPUDP ... in the process of actively getting the mirrorshades system to support this new protocol, so that IPUDP can be considered a formal gateway to which mirrorshades will route direct to as it does with <a href="IP_in_IP" title="IP in IP">IPIP</a>,</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMoorePaxsonSavageShannon2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Moore, David; <a href="Vern_Paxson" title="Vern Paxson">Paxson, Vern</a>; <a href="Stefan_Savage" title="Stefan Savage">Savage, Stefan</a>; Shannon, Colleen; Staniford, Stuart; Weaver, Nicholas (6 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~savage/papers/IEEESP03.pdf">"Inside the Slammer Worm"</a> (PDF). IEEE Security & Privacy. No. 3. <a href="IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>. pp. 33‒39. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-7993">1540-7993</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2007" class="citation conference cs1">Mitchell, Roderick D. (May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201122195340/https://the-eye.eu/public/Books/Electronic%20Archive/The%20Integration%20of%20Amateur%20Radio%20and%20802.11.pdf">The Integration of Amateur Radio and 802.11</a> (PDF). TAPR and ARRL 26th Digital Communications Conference 2007 Proceedings. pp. 27‒29. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the-eye.eu/public/Books/Electronic%20Archive/The%20Integration%20of%20Amateur%20Radio%20and%20802.11.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2019.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdXqWt8On88C&pg=SA1-PA2">Packet Radio Fundamentals</a>. <a href="American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>. 2008. pp. 2‒4. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780872591226</bdi>. <q>In March 1980 the <a href="Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> approved the use of the American Standard Code for Information Interchange, or <a href="ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>, for Amateur Radio. ... in December 1980 <a href="Hank_Magnuski" title="Hank Magnuski">Hank Magnuski</a>, KA6M, put a digital repeater on <a href="2-meter_band" title="2-meter band">2 meters</a> using a <a href="Terminal_Node_Controller" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal Node Controller">TNC</a> of his own design. ... formed the Pacific Packet Radio Society (PPRS). At the same time, AMRAD, the Amateur Radio Research and Development Corporation, in <a href="Washington%2C_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, District of Columbia">Washington, DC</a> ... hams in <a href="Tucson%2C_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a>, founded the <a href="Tucson_Amateur_Packet_Radio_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tucson Amateur Packet Radio Corporation">Tucson Amateur Packet Radio Corporation</a> (TAPR)</q></cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (help)</li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKantor2010" class="citation web cs1">Kantor, Brian (14 January 2010). Vodall, William (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801215358/http://wetnet.net/pipermail/seatcp/2010-January/008846.html">"44 net - some explanations"</a>. 44 net mailing list. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wetnet.net/pipermail/seatcp/2010-January/008846.html">the original</a> on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019 – via Seattle Amateur Packet Radio mailing list (SeaTCP). <q>both <a href="Phil_Karn" title="Phil Karn">Phil Karn</a> and <a href="Bdale_Garbee" title="Bdale Garbee">BDale Garbee</a> have volunteered to adminstrate [<a href="Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] 44/8 in case ... quite aware of the value of a network block this size ... some folks eyeing the network space for various projects ... way of routing that doesn't involve splitting up the network in a public manner (ie, as seen from outside the network) is essential. ... I can just imagine people auctioning off parts of the network on <a href="EBay" title="EBay">Ebay</a>. ... <a href="Class_B_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Class B network">class-B blocks</a> selling for half a million dollars or more, could you trust everyone who got one not to sell it to the highest bidder?</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFScaruffi2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Piero_Scaruffi" title="Piero Scaruffi">Scaruffi, Piero</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scaruffi.com/svhistory/sil8.html">8. The Entrepreneurs (1976-80)</a>. <q>After early experiments by Canadians ham radio amateurs, in December 1980 <a href="Hank_Magnuski" title="Hank Magnuski">Hank Magnuski</a> set up in San Francisco a <a href="Ham_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ham radio">ham radio</a> to broadcast data (the birth certificate of the <abbr title="Amateur Packet Radio Network">AmPrnet</abbr>).</q></cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (help)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKantor2011" class="citation web cs1">Kantor, Brian (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/brieflook.pdf">"A Brief Look at Internet Networking Over Amateur Radio"</a> (PDF). p. 3. <q>limited provision to allow packets addressed to AMPRNet gateways to be forwarded one-way from the Internet ... supports an academic cybersecurity research project (funded by the <a href="National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> and the Department of Homeland Security) which relies on routing to the AMPRNet address space through the forwarder.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBrownlee2012" class="citation conference cs1">Brownlee, Nevil (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caida.org/publications/papers/2012/one_way_traffic_iatmon/one_way_traffic_iatmon.pdf">One-way Traffic Monitoring with iatmon</a> (PDF). Passive and Active Network Measurement Workshop. <q>UCSD network telescope: over the first half of 2011. ... uses a /8 network prefix, most of which is dark. An upstream router filters out the legitimate traffic to the reachable IP addresses in this space, so we monitor only traffic destined to empty address space. ... large volume of data captured ... UCSD network telescope remains a purely passive observer of unsolicited traffic. We do not rule out active response by the telescope in the future, but active responding requires resources and careful navigation of legal and ethical issues. ... collects full-packet traces continuously. These traces are stored online for at least sixty days, ... In 2002, when CAIDA began analyzing telescope data ... As of June 2011, we see 6 to 9 <abbr title="gigabyte per hour">GB/h</abbr> of one-way traffic, ... About 30% of the packets that reached the UCSD telescope in the first half of 2011 were <a href="TCP_SYN" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP SYN">TCP SYNs</a></q></cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.caida.org/datasets/security/telescope-educational/exercises/apr2012_proto_dport_dist.txt">"April 2012 aggregate based on protocol and destination port"</a> (10MB FlowTuple). Analysis of Unidirectional IP Traffic to Darkspace. The CAIDA UCSD Network Telescope Educational Dataset. <q><code># CORSARO_INTERVAL_START 0 1333238400 0.0.0.0|44.0.0.0|0|0|0|0|0x00|0,3443</code></q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDainottiKingClaffy2012" class="citation conference cs1">Dainotti, Alberto; King, Alistair; Claffy, Kimberly (21 October 2012). Analysis of Internet-wide Probing using Darknets. Building Analysis Datasets and Gathering Experience Returns for Security (BADGERS <abbr title="2012">'12</abbr>). <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.305.3682">10.1.1.305.3682</a>. <q>1 hour bins, of <a href="User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a> packets arriving on port 5060 observed by the UCSD Network Telescope ... the number of distinct source IPs per hour observed at the UCSD Network Telescope is currently around 25,000 on port TCP 80 or 96,000 on port TCP 445 ... UCSD Network Telescope collects approximately 3<a href="Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a> of data every month. ... developing an extensible tool, Corsaro, to efficiently analyze data collected</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDainottiKingClaffyPapale2012" class="citation conference cs1">Dainotti, Alberto; King, Alistair; Claffy, Kimberly; Papale, Ferdinando; Pescapè, Antonio (9 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caida.org/publications/presentations/2012/analysis_stealth_scan_lisa/analysis_stealth_scan_lisa.pdf">Analysis of an Internet-wide Stealth Scan from a Botnet</a> (diagram). <a href="USENIX" title="USENIX">USENIX</a> <a href="LISA_(organization)" title="LISA (organization)">LISA</a> '12. p. 3. <q>Darknet: The UCSD Network Telescope ... UCSD Network Telescope Darknet xxx.0.0.0/8</q></cite> <cite id="CITEREFDainotti2012" class="citation conference cs1">Dainotti, Alberto (9 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usenix.org/conference/lisa12/analysis-internet-wide-stealth-scan-botnet/#node-paper-full-group-open-access-content">Analysis of an Internet-wide Stealth Scan from a Botnet</a> (presentation video). <a href="LISA_(organization)" title="LISA (organization)">LISA</a> '12.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFerracci2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferracci, Laurent (1 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ferracci.org/?p=2150">"Une manne financière inespérée!"</a> [An unexpected financial windfall!] (<a href="April_Fool's" class="mw-redirect" title="April Fool's">April Fool's</a> report on sale of 44/8) (in French).</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFZsebyIglesias_VázquezKingClaffy2016" class="citation journal cs1">Zseby, Tanja; Iglesias Vázquez, Félix; King, Alistair; Claffy, K. C. (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTE.2015.2417512">"Teaching Network Security With IP Darkspace Data"</a>. <a href="IEEE_Transactions_on_Education" title="IEEE Transactions on Education">IEEE Transactions on Education</a>. 59 (1). <a href="IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>: 1–7. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ITEdu..59....1Z">2016ITEdu..59....1Z</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTE.2015.2417512">10.1109/TE.2015.2417512</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9359">0018-9359</a>. <q><a href="TU_Wien" title="TU Wien">Vienna University of Technology</a>, Austria, first implemented this laboratory in a Network Security course (NetSec-I) during the summer <a href="Semester" class="mw-redirect" title="Semester">semester</a> of 2014, with a class of 41 students. ... <a href="Network_traffic" title="Network traffic">network traffic</a> from a large IP darkspace monitor at UCSD operated by <a href="Center_for_Applied_Internet_Data_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis">CAIDA</a> ... darkspace monitor uses an IP network address range that is announced to the Internet but has nearly no actual hosts attached. The resulting darkspace traffic data is <a href="Heterogeneity_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterogeneity (statistics)">heterogeneous</a> ... collected at UCSD using an entire /8 network with 224 darkspace addresses, which corresponds to 1/256 part of the whole IPv4 Internet. Access to such a large IP darkspace is rare, because <a href="IPv4_address_exhaustion" title="IPv4 address exhaustion">IPv4 addresses are a scarce resource</a></q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRamsey2017" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Ramsey, Doug (17 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/computer-security-experts-honored-for-research-that-stands-the-test-of-time">"Computer Security Experts Honored for Research that Stands the Test of Time"</a>. <abbr title="University of California">UC</abbr> San Diego News Center (Press release). <q>Experimental backscatter collection platform from the 2001 paper honored at <a href="USENIX_Security_Symposium" class="mw-redirect" title="USENIX Security Symposium">USENIX Security Symposium</a></q></cite></li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFClaburn2019" class="citation news cs1">Claburn, Thomas (5 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/04/05/amateur_radio_spectrum/">"Hams try to re-carve the amateur radio spectrum in fight over open or encoded transmissions"</a>. <a href="The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a>. San Francisco. <q>might make it harder for innovative services like New Packet Radio to emerge.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Radio_Relay_League2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a> (25 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/news/millions-of-amprnet-internet-addresses-sold-to-fund-grants-and-scholarships">"Millions of AMPRNet Internet Addresses Sold to Fund Grants and Scholarships"</a>. News & Features.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTakagiNeo_Law_Group2019" class="citation web cs1">Takagi, Gene; Neo Law Group (30 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717150427/http://rct.doj.ca.gov/Verification/Web/Download.aspx?saveas=Amateur+Radio+Digital+Communications.pdf&document_id=09027b8f803986fa">"Courtesy Notice of Sale of Assets - Amateur Radio Digital Communications"</a>. California: Registry of Charitable Trusts. pp. 1, 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rct.doj.ca.gov/Verification/Web/Download.aspx?saveas=Amateur+Radio+Digital+Communications.pdf&document_id=09027b8f803986fa">the original</a> on 17 July 2020. <q>sale of significant assets ... to Amazon Technologies, Inc. ... one-quarter of ARDC's IP Addresses and is therefore not a sale of substantially all of ARDC's assets ... will be accurately recorded in ARDC's 2019 Form 990, which will be timely submitted to the Registry along with the 2019 Form RRF-1. ... In February 2019, ARDC engaged a ... Internet Address Broker</q></cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/Courtesy-Notice-to-AG-Signed-ARDC.pdf">Alt URL</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPrause2019" class="citation web cs1">Prause, Nils (30 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amateurfunk-osnabrueck.de/hamnet-allgemein/aenderungen-der-hamnet-ip-adressen-angekuendigt.html">"Änderungen der HAMNET-IP-Adressen angekündigt"</a> [Changes to HAMNET IP addresses announced]. Interessengemeinschaft Amateurfunk Osnabrück. <q>Leider ist der vom HAMNET in Deutschland genutzte IP-Adressbereich von der Verkleinerung betroffen, ... jedes einzelne Gerät wird eine neue Adresse bekommen müssen.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190816165916/https://www.agaf-ev.org/index.php/414-hamnet-umstellung">"HAMNET-Umstellung"</a> [HAMNet conversion] (in German). Arbeitsgemeinschaft Amateurfunkfernsehen (AGAF). 14 August 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agaf-ev.org/index.php/414-hamnet-umstellung">the original</a> on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019. <q>Die eingenommenen "some millions of dollars" sollen einer gemeinnützigen ... Im verkauften Bereich ist unter anderem das deutsche HAMNET beheimatet. In unmittelbarer Konsequenz funktioniert die <a href="Reverse_DNS_lookup" title="Reverse DNS lookup">Reverse-DNS-Auflösung</a> über öffentliche <a href="DNS_server" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS server">DNS-Server</a> nicht mehr. In absehbarer Zeit müssen sämtliche betroffenen Linkstrecken, <a href="Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">Router</a>, Dienste und Endgeräte zu anderen Adressen migriert werden. Die deutsche HAMNET-Koordination arbeitet bereits intensiv an der Planung dieser großen Umzugsmaßnahme. Auf der diesjährigen HAMNET-Tagung in <a href="Passau" title="Passau">Passau</a> soll ein Konzept vorgestellt werden.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEstévez2019" class="citation conference cs1">Estévez, Daniel (20–22 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tapr.org/wp-content/uploads/2019-3-EA4GPZ.pdf">IPV6 for Amateur Radio</a> (PDF). 38th ARRL and TAPR Digital Communications Conference. Detroit, Michigan (published 30 January 2020). <q>AMPRNet hands off large sub-blocks to countries, which in turn split their sub-blocks into projects or individuals. All this management is a time consuming process and is prone to disputes. ... IPv4 addresses are by now a very scarce resource, and this large block represents a huge commercial interest.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTraschewskiZimmermannOsterried2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Traschewski, Jann; Zimmermann, Egbert; Osterried, Thomas (2 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221124257/https://www.db0res.de/27-news/93-hamnet-ip-umstellung-kann-beginnen">"HAMNET IP-Umstellung kann beginnen"</a> [HAMNET IP-changeover can begin]. News. DB0RES (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.db0res.de/27-news/93-hamnet-ip-umstellung-kann-beginnen">the original</a> on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020. <q>Umzug von IP-Adressen aus dem Bereich 44.224.0.0/15 in das Netz 44.148.0.0/15</q></cite></li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Radio_Relay_League2020" class="citation report cs1"><a href="American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a> (13 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2020-QST-Scholarships.pdf">ARRL Foundation Presents the 2020 Scholarship Recipients</a> (PDF) (Report). pp. 1‒3. Retrieved 12 April 2021 – via ARDC, Inc. <q>Additionally, the non-profit Amateur Radio Digital Communications (ARDC) has generously awarded The Amateur Radio Digital Communications' Brian H. Kantor, WB6CYT, Memorial Scholarship grant to the ARRL Foundation to match each scholarship on a dollar-for-dollar basis, making the grand total of scholarships awarded $287,300.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2021" class="citation report cs1">Wolfe, Rosy (6 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210219225731/https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2020-ardc-annual-report.pdf">2020 Annual Report</a> (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. pp. 1‒18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2020-ardc-annual-report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ardc.net/">Official website</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caida.org/projects/network_telescope/">Official UCSD Network Telescope website</a> at <a href="CAIDA" class="mw-redirect" title="CAIDA">CAIDA</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.ampr.org">AMPRNet Portal</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ampr-gates.net">Amateur Packet Radio Gateways</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dlarc">Digital Library of Amateur Radio & Communications</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hamwan.org/">HamWAN</a></li>

</ul>

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</style><div id="Packet_radio99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Packet_radio" title="Packet radio">Packet radio</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">Traditional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ALOHAnet" title="ALOHAnet">ALOHAnet</a></li>

<li><a href="PRNET" title="PRNET">PRNET</a></li>

<li><a href="Terminal_node_controller" title="Terminal node controller">Terminal node controller</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="Automatic_Packet_Reporting_System" title="Automatic Packet Reporting System">APRS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="APRS_Calling" title="APRS Calling">APRS Calling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">TCP/IP packet radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Spartan_Packet_Radio_Experiment" title="Spartan Packet Radio Experiment">Spartan</a></li>

<li><a href="Encoder_receiver_transmitter" title="Encoder receiver transmitter">Encoder receiver transmitter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-20" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=AMPRNet&oldid=1301571679">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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